Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

rubor

A

redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

calor

A

heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dolor

A

pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tumor

A

edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

functio laesa

A

loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

rubor, calor, dolor, tumor, functio laesa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

systemic effects of inflammation

A

fever, weight loss, systemic lymph node enlargement, amyloidosis (protein build up in tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

acute inflammation - 3-4 phases

A

exudative, necrosis, cellular (principally neutrophilic), reparative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

chronic inflammation

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Function of Inflammation

A

biologic defense mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

exudative phase

A

hyperemia due to vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (endothelial gaps due to endothelial cell contraction or cytoskeletal reorganization which is long lived but take awhile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

transudate

A

ultrafiltrate of plasma (clear and watery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

exudate

A

larger plasma proteins (fibrinogen) and cells (neutrophils)

–> more viscous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What causes vasodilation?

A

Histamine, nitric oxide, prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

phases of vascular permeability

A

early - histamine and bradykinin
later - IL-1, TNF alpha, IFN gamma, hypoxia, leukotrienes (later ones last longer)
**permeability will increase to all of these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hydrothorax

A

transudate in thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True/False: acute inflammation has fibrin?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The acute inflammatory response occurs simultaneously with activation of the _________ immune system.

A

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Classes of Chemical mediators

A

vasoactive amines, plasma proteins and proteases, AA metabolites, cytokines, NO, ROS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vasoactive Amines

A

Histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, tachykinin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 things of kinins

A

1) vasodilation 2) increased vascular permeability 3) pain mediators 4) bronchoconstrictors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

True/False: Histamine is 10X more potent than bradykinin.

A

FALSE: Bradykinin is 10X more potent than histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain Factor XII

A

this activates either the kinin cascade or the clotting cascade, your clotting and kinin cascade can produce fibrin or plasmin and activate the complement cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Arachidonic acid

A

20 carbon USFA - released by phopholipases, used for biosynthesis of ecosinoids, creates two pathways: cyclooxygenase pathway and lipoxygenase pathway
1) vasodilation 2) vasoconstriction 3) inhibition or promotion of platelet aggregation 4) increased vascular permeability 5) chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the major cytokines of inflammation?
IL-1 and TNF alpha
26
Function of Nitric oxide
vasodilation, decrease platelet aggregation, WBC adhesion
27
True/False: Basophils contain heparin.
False - they contain histamine
28
Where do Mast cells come from? Basophils?
both from myeloid lineage in the bone marrow
29
True/Fasle: Mast cells are normally present in CT and not the blood?
TRUE
30
True/False: Mast cells only contain histamine and not heparin like basophils?
False, they contain both hisamine and heparin
31
3 roles of mast cells
1) allergic and anaphylactic reactions (receptors for IgE) 2) defense against parasites 3) extracellular matrix remodeling
32
Upon binding of IgE, what do mast cells release?
histamine, proteases, chemotactic factors
33
What are the two cytokines released by basophils?
IL-4 and IL-13
34
Neutrophil facts
born in bone marrow, short lived, do not recirculate, lots of these in dogs, cats, and people first inflammatory cells recruited to site of insult, mobile, respond to chemotaxis, phagocytize, release mediators of inflammation
35
differentiate between oxygen independent vs oxygen dependent killing
you know - dependent (ROS), independent (lysozyme, actoferrin, defensins, BPI)
36
List some cytoplasmic granules from neutrophils...
myeloperoxidase (potent killer of microbes), defensins, lysozyme, lactoferrin, adhesion molecule receptors, enzymes such as proteases
37
True/False: the H2O2-myeloperoxidase-haylide system is the most efficient bactericidal system in neutrophils.
TRUE
38
True/False: macrophages are more efficient than neutrophils at killing bacteria?
False, opposite
39
We see neutrophilia mainly in acute or chronic inflammation?
acute
40
Left shift
increased bands in neutrophils
41
degenerative left shift
bone marrow has more immature neutrophils than mature and releases them early
42
True/False: Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocyte in the circulation.
True
43
Eosinophil granules contain...
MBP - major basic protein eosinophilic cationic protein enzymes chemical mediators that neutralize heparin and histamine
44
Eosinophil function...
1) motility 2) kill helminths and other parasites (MBP) 3) participate in allergic reactions 4) phagocytosis (much less effective than PMNs and macrophages)
45
You'll commonly see eosinopenia and neutrophilia concurrently usually without left shift, monocytosis, and lymphopenia. Explain this statement in laymens terms.
If you have low eosinophils, you'll have high neutrophils, high monocytes, and low lymphocytes. This is called the stress leukogram. Common in sick, small animal patients.
46
Differentiate between monocytes and macrophages.
Macrophages have more cytoplasmic vacuoles, granules. and ingested debris.
47
Is a macrophage in the blood?
NO, monocytes are, but become macrophages in the tissue
48
True/False: Macrophages can live in the tissues for months - years and they are capable of division.
TRUE!!
49
What are the major components of the mononuclear phagocyte system? MPS
Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic cells
50
Hallmark of Granulomatous inflammation
epithelioid macrophages
51
Multi-nucleated Giant Cells
fusion of macrophages - occur in granulomatous inflammation
52
3 main functions of macrophages
1) phagocytosis 2) secretion 3) Ag presentation
53
How do macrophages contribute to the healing process?
they clean up debris at sites of inflammation which neutrophils do not do
54
A granuloma is caused by this pathogen.
Mycobacterium sp. - agents that resist phagocytosis
55
The oxygen dependent bacterial killing system by macrophages is carried out by which ROS?
NO
56
List the 6 Antioxidants found in serum, tissue fluids, and target cells
1) Ceruloplasmin (copper) 2) Transferrin 3) superoxide dismutase 4) catalse (H2O2) 5) glutathione peroxidase 6) Vitamins A, C, and E
57
Function of Antioxidants
neutralize ROSes
58
General Characteristics of Lymphocytes
1) limited motility 2) no phago 3) lymphocytes recirculate
59
YOU ROCK THIS SHIT
YOU ROCK THIS SHIT
60
Lymphocyte Function
1) secrete cytokines 2) B lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells (humoral) 3) NK cells and cytotoxic T cells kill certain virus infectious cells
61
Lymphocytes are present in both subacute, and chronic phase - True/False
True
62
What are plasma cells?
terminally differentiated B lymphocytes who secrete immunoglobulins
63
T/F Plasma cells are capable of division.
False
64
Are plasma cells in acute or chronic inflammation?
Chronic
65
What are the main chemical mediators of acute phase response?
IL-1 and TNF alpha
66
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
1) DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) 2) Heart failure 3) lung damage 4) MOF - multiple organ failure
67
7 signs of Acute Inflammation
1) fever 2) production of acute phase proteins 3) leukocytosis (increase WBC) 4) anemia 5) thrombocytosis 6) cardiovascular changes 7) anorexia and lethargy
68
Acute phase proteins - function
1) bind microbial wall for opsonization 2) bind to necrotic cell chromatin - aid in debris removal 3) substrate for fibrin production to aid in hemostasis
69
What are mononuclear cells?
Lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages
70
T/F: Vascular changes and fluid accumulation are not components of chronic inflammation.
True!
71
fibrosis - acute or chronic
chronic!! acute - fibrinous
72
What is a major activator of macrophages?
IFN gamma
73
what is a granuloma?
a focus of chronic inflammation consisting of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a collar of lymphocytes and plasma cells

Pathology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions