Inflammation

Question 1

Can you list the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 1

Heat, Pain, swelling, reddening, Loss of function,

Question 2

What occurs during the transient stage of inflammation?

Answer 2

blood vessel constriction. Only lasts seconds.

Question 3

What do mast cells secrete?

Answer 3

Histamine, Heparin and serotonin

Question 4

What effect do selectin and integrins have?

Answer 4

They are adhesion molecules that attract inflammatory cells and cause loss of axial stream

Question 5

Describe the appearance of a neutrophil

Answer 5

Multi-lobed nuclei and indistinctly granulated

Question 6

Describe the appearance of an eosinophil

Answer 6

Multi-lobed nuclei with distinct granules

Question 7

What 3 inflammatory cells produce pyrogens?

Answer 7

Eosinophils, Macrophages and Neutrophils

Question 8

What are the 6 stages of inflammation?

Answer 8

1. Vasoconstriction. 2.Dilation. 3. Exudation. 4. Margination of leukocytes. 5. Emmigration of leukocytes through endothelium. 6. Pyrexia

Question 9

What role does fibrin play in exudation fluid?

Answer 9

It is sticky and can bind to irritants neutralising them, it also provides a scaffold for leukocytes to travel over.

Question 10

What kind of inflammation would you get with a mild vascular injury?

Answer 10

Serous inflammation

Question 11

Describe catarrhal inflammation?

Answer 11

It is milk inflammation from mucous membranes. Contains mucous, mucous cells, RBS, neutrophils and fleck of fibrin.

Question 12

What kind of inflammation results in a yellowish coagulum on the surface or inside a tissue?

Answer 12

Fibrinous inflammation

Question 13

What kind of inflammation is associated with acute viral, bacterial infections and toxins?

Answer 13

Haemorrhagic

Question 14

What kind of inflammation is a bruise?

Answer 14

Haemorrhagic

Question 15

Where do the digestive enzymes in a abscess come from?

Answer 15

Dead and dying neutrophils

Question 16

What is the difference in outcomes between a surface abscess and an internal one?

Answer 16

Surface abscess bursts and pygogenic agents and pus are expelled. Internal abscess is contained in fibrous capsule and is eventually turned into fibrous tissue.

Question 17

What leukocytes are associated with acute inflammation?

Answer 17

Macrophages and Neutrophils

Question 18

What cells are associated with chronic inflammation?

Answer 18

T cells, B cells, Plasmas cells, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

Question 19

What are macrophages derived from?

Answer 19

Monocytes

Question 20

What’s an epitheloid cell?

Answer 20

When a macrophage becomes primarily secretory rather than phagocytic

Question 21

Describe the 3 layers of a granulosa

Answer 21

Outer fibrous capsule, layer of chronic inflammatory cells and a central core containing pathogenic agent of irritant.

Question 22

What is the term for the production of immature scar tissue?

Answer 22

Fibroplasia

Question 23

What are the 2 main cells involved in repair?

Answer 23

Endothelial cells and fibroblasts

Question 24

What are the different outcomes of peritonitis in the house and peritonitis in the ox?

Answer 24

The ox can wall it off so usually fine. Usually fatal in the horse.

Question 25

Define Repair

Answer 25

Repair is the replacement of damaged tissue by fibrous tissue

Question 26

Define Regeneration

Answer 26

Regeneration is the replacement of damaged tissue with functional normal tissue.

Question 27

what is labile tissue?

Answer 27

Constantly replacing itself throughout life such as mucous membranes and skin.

Question 28

What is stable tissue?

Answer 28

Has limited capability to repair but can replace damaged cells OR has capacity to enlarge to meet increased demand

Question 29

what is permanent tissue and can you give an example?

Answer 29

No regenerative capacity. Neurons

Question 30

What are the four stages of skin wound healing?

Answer 30

Haemostasis. Inflammation. Repair. Consolidation/Regeneration

Question 31

What's the difference between infectious and non infectious arthritis?

Answer 31

Infectious comes into joint capsule via inoculation, blood or surrounding tissue but non-infectious is a degenerative immune mediated disease.

Question 32

What is the distribution of bronchopneumonia caused by an airborne agent?

Answer 32

Mainly in the proximal parts of the lungs and in airways

Question 33

Beta-defensins are found where and do what?

Answer 33

Anti-microbial and found in the gut.

Question 34

What is a common cause of fibrosis of the liver in horses?

Answer 34

Ragwort poisoning

Question 35

What bacteria can cause gangrenous mastitis?

Answer 35

S. Aureus

Question 36

What is perivascular cuffing?

Answer 36

Several layers of lymphocytes that collect around a blood vessel and can restrict flow.

Question 37

What is a neutrophil 'left shift'?

Answer 37

High concentration of band neutrophils

Question 38

What is septicaemia?

Answer 38

Highly pathogenic bacteria multiplying rapidly in the blood.

Question 39

What do tachykinins and bradykinins cause?

Answer 39

Pain, increase blood flow, swelling

Question 40

Action of the acute phase proteins?

Answer 40

Pyrexia

Question 41

What effect do prostaglandins have in inflammation?

Answer 41

Increase blood flow, swelling, pain and cause an increase in temp.

Question 42

How is arachidonic acid formed?

Answer 42

cleaved from cell membrane by phospholipase A2

Question 43

What does LOX create from arachidonic acid?

Answer 43

leukotrines and Lipoxins

Question 44

What is the effectof TxA2?

Answer 44

Vasoconstriction