Inflammation and Cell trafficking

Question 1

What is Inflammation?

Answer 1

A non-specific response to infection or injury that is characterized by enhanced accumulation of immune cells and plasma proteins.

Question 2

The 5 Hallmarks of Inflammation?

Answer 2

1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain
5. Loss of function

Question 3

What 3 things get stimulated during inflammation?

Answer 3

1. Vasodilation
2. Increased permeability of blood vessels
3. Pain receptors

Question 4

What kind of immunity is related to Acute inflammation

Answer 4

Innate immunity

Question 5

What kind of immunity is related to Chronic inflammation?

Answer 5

Innate & adaptive immunity

Question 6

Acute inflammation: Summarize the process

Answer 6

• stimulus –> Immune cells are recruited and clear the infection.. the stimulus is removed and healing begins.

Question 7

Chronic inflammation: Summarize the process

Answer 7

PERSISTENT stimulus –>
immune cells are recruited and try to clear the stimulus but it persists, leading to more immune recruitment and increased inflammation –>
cycle repeats/increased severity of disease

Question 8

What are the 3 causes of chronic inflammation?

Answer 8

Persistent infection
Immune-mediated inflammatory disease
Toxic agents

Question 9

Which cells are involved in acute inflammation?

Answer 9

Neutrophils, Monocytes/Macrophages, Mast cells, sometimes Eosinophils and Basophils

Question 10

Which cells are involved in Chronic inflammation?

Answer 10

monocytes/macrophages, T-cells, Sometimes Neutrophils

Question 11

What role do Pro-inflammatory Cytokines play & what are they?

Answer 11

They are inflammatory mediators
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α
Interleukin (IL)-1β
IL-6

Question 12

What Inflammatory mediators are involved in vasodilation?

Answer 12

Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes

Question 13

Histamine is released by ______

Answer 13

Mast cells

Question 14

1. Is prostaglandin an inflammatory mediator?

2. what are Prostoglandins derived from?

Answer 14

1. Yes

2. cell membrane phospholipids

Question 15

Prostaglandins work in concert with histamine and bradykinin to accomplish the following:

Answer 15

1. Causes constriction (PGE2) or dilation of blood vessels (PGF2a)
2. Involved in the production or inhibition of clots
3. Act on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus (PGE1)
4. PGE2 is involved in redness, edema, and pain

Question 16

PGE 2

Answer 16

causes constriction

involved in redness, edema, and pain

Question 17

PGF2a

Answer 17

Dilation of blood vessels

Question 18

PGE1

Answer 18

Act on the thermoregulatory center of the hypothalamus

Question 19

Compliment proteins

Answer 19

C5a

C3a

Question 20

___ is involved in monocyte/neutrophil recruitment

Answer 20

C5a

Question 21

Compliment protein:

____ and____can trigger mast cell degranulation

Answer 21

C3a

C5a

Question 22

As the inflammatory stimulus diminishes there are reductions of _______, ________, etc. and the tissue can return to homeostasis.

Answer 22

inflammatory mediators

immune cell recruitment

Question 23

Cytokines involved in turning off inflammation:

Answer 23

IL-10

Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β

Question 24

How to stop Acute inflammation:

Answer 24

The best way is to allow the body to heal.

Ice and elevation for swelling, Abx for infection, NSAIDs can also help.

Question 25

How to stop Chronic inflammation:

Answer 25

Glucocorticoid steroids immunosuppressant anti-leukotrienes biologics

Question 26

Acute inflammation specific or none specific

Answer 26

none specific

Question 27

Chronic inflammation specific or none specific

Answer 27

Specfic

Question 28

outcomes of Chronic inflammation

Answer 28

Tissue destruction, fibrosis, necrosis

Question 29

outcomes of acute inflammation

Answer 29

Resolution, scar formation, possible lead in to chronic inflammation

Question 30

EDIT THIS: How do leukocytes get to infection sites?

Answer 30

``` 4 steps: Rolling integrin activation by chemokines Stable adhesion Migration (diapedesis) through endothelium ```

Question 31

Migration/Recruitment

Answer 31

the general process of leukocyte movement from blood to tissue

Question 32

Selectins

Answer 32

Low-affinity adhesion molecules involved in the early stages of leukocyte capture

Question 33

Integrins

Answer 33

Adhesion molecules involved in later stages of leukocyte migration, can be low- or high-affinity

Question 34

Chemokines

Answer 34

Chemotactic cytokine. | Named/classified based on the location of the N-terminal cysteine residues, C, C-C, CXC, CX3C

Question 35

The goal of selectin-mediated interactions is to

Answer 35

slow the leukocyte down for the next step

Question 36

Selectins recognize ______

Answer 36

sialylated carbohydrates

Question 37

______ are stored in cytoplasmic granules so they can be expressed almost immediately

Answer 37

P-selectins

Question 38

(Second Step: Integrin Activation) Chemokines produced by______ or nearby _____act on the rolling _____

Answer 38

tissue immune cells epithelial cells leukocyte

Question 39

(Second Step: Integrin Activation) Chemokine interaction with its _____receptor changes _____ from low to high

Answer 39

chemokine | integrin affinity

Question 40

Chemokines Can be produced by ____, ____,____.

Answer 40

leukocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts

Question 41

(Step 3: Adherence) ______ bind to their ligands on the endothelial cell

Answer 41

High-affinity integrins

Question 42

(Step 4: Migration (Diapedesis) How does the leukocyte move from the blood into the tissue?

Answer 42

It rearranges its cytoskeleton so it can get through the endothelium (tight junctions that hold the endothelial cells must loosen for this to occur)