Inflammation and Immunity

Question 1

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 1

Autoimmune

Antirheumatic drugs have side effects

Question 2

Rheumatoid Arthritis Symptoms

Answer 2

Fever
Malaise
Pain
Weakness
Joint stiffness and swelling
Nodules

Question 3

Osteoarthritis

Answer 3

Wear and tear or injury
Degenerative disease

Question 4

Osteoarthritis Symptoms

Answer 4

Painful and still joints
Muscle atrophy
Bone deformity
Crepitus

Question 5

Viral Infections

Answer 5

• Smaller than bacteria
• Not living
• Require a host cell
• Often systemic infections

Question 6

Viral infection treatments

Answer 6

supportive care, possibly antivirals depending on the infection

Question 7

Bacterial Infections

Answer 7

single-celled microorganisms that can live in a variety of environments, including inside the human body.

• Localized infections that spreads

Question 8

Bacterial Infection Treatments

Answer 8

Antibiottics

Question 9

Peritonitis

Answer 9

Inflammation of the peritoneum and lining of the abdominal cavity

• Can be LIFE THREATENING

Question 10

Causes of Peritonitis

Answer 10

Bowel perforation
Peritoneal dialysis
Perforated diverticula
Ruptured appendix
Surgery

Question 11

Signs and symptoms of peritonitis

Answer 11

Rigid, board-like abdomen, abd distension
N/V
Rebound tenderness
Fever
Tachycardia

Question 12

Immediate actions for peritonitis

Answer 12

Call physician, take vital signs, ensure oxygenation
Semi-fowlers
NPO status
Administer antibiotics, fluids, & electrolytes
Prepare patient for surgery if indicated

Question 13

How is HIV/AIDS spread

Answer 13

Blood, semen, rectal and vaginal fluids, breastmilk

Question 14

When does HIV become AIDS

Answer 14

occurs when the immune system has been significantly weakened and multiple body systems are affected

Question 15

Symptoms and progression of HIV/AIDS

Answer 15

Asymptomatic
Fever
Headache
Rash
Sore throat

Progresses to

Swollen lymph nodes
Weight loss
Fever
Diarrhea
Cough

Question 16

HIV/AIDS Treatment

Answer 16

Antiretroviral therapy but not a cure

Question 17

Meningitis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the meninges

Question 18

Causes of Meningitis

Answer 18

Most Common: Contaigous bacterial or viral infections

Others:
Fungi
Parasites
Amoeba
Trauma
Medications

Question 19

Meningitis Presentation- Infants

Answer 19

Anorexia
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Irritability
Rash
Respiratory symptoms

Question 20

Meningitis Presentation- Adults

Answer 20

Fever
Headache
Stiff neck
Seizures
Photosensitivity

Question 21

Meningitis Diagnostics

Answer 21

Lumbar puncture
CSF proteins
Culture

Question 22

Allergies Clinical Presentation-Localized

Answer 22

Nasal drainage, watery eyes, or sneezing

Question 22

Allergies Clinical Presentation-Systemic

Answer 22

Rash, hives, redness, itching, swelling, flushing, bronchospasm, wheezing, running nose, and GI manifestations
Anaphylaxis = medical emergency

Question 23

What does severe anaphylaxis look like?

Answer 23

life-threatening condition- includes bronchospasm, hoarseness, and stridor

Question 24

Allergies Treatment

Answer 24

Prevention Medication Antihistamines Nasal corticosteroids Bronchodilators Adrenergic agonist (Epinephrine)

Question 25

Allergies Diagnosis

Answer 25

Scratch Test WBC and diff

Question 26

Fifths disease cause

Answer 26

Human parvovirus B19 – spread by respiratory droplet Common in children 5-15 years old

Question 27

Fifths disease Signs/Symptoms

Answer 27

Low fever, mild cold-like symptoms Rash: “slapped” cheek appearance on face  body Joint pain

Question 28

Fifths disease management

Answer 28

Supportive Care - Risk to pregnant women

Question 28

Strep throat cause

Answer 28

Group A Streptococcus bacteria

Question 29

Strep throat symptoms

Answer 29

Sore throat, difficulty swallowing Fever, swollen lymph nodes Red, swollen tonsils, often with white patches

Question 30

Strep throat diagnosis

Answer 30

Rapid strep test Throat culture if needed

Question 31

Strep throat treatment

Answer 31

Antibiotics Pain relief

Question 32

Strep throat complications

Answer 32

Scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Question 33

Otitis Media (Middle ear infection) cause

Answer 33

Bacterial or viral infections

Question 34

Otitis Media Symptoms

Answer 34

ear pain, difficulty hearing, fever, fluid drainage from the ear (if eardrum ruptures)

Question 35

Otitis Media treatment

Answer 35

Antibiotics for bacterial, pain management, ear tubes for recurrent infections

Question 36

Otitis Externa (Swimmers ear) Cause

Answer 36

Infection of outer ear canal- often caused by water exposure

Question 37

Otitis Externa Symptoms

Answer 37

ear pain (especially when touched), itching, redness, swelling, discharge from the ear

Question 38

Otitis Externa Treatment

Answer 38

topical antibiotics or antifungal ear drops, pain relief, avoid water in ear during treatment

Question 39

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Why so bad?

Answer 39

Causes widespread airway inflammation Compromises ability to clear respiratory secretions Worse with young infants - Mandatory reportable disease

Question 40

Pertussis Signs/Symptoms

Answer 40

Paroxysmal cough Coughing fits followed by “whoop” sound

Question 41

Pertussis Diagnostics

Answer 41

Nasopharyngeal culture PCR test

Question 42

Pertussis treatment

Answer 42

Antibiotics Supportive therapy

Question 43

Pertussis Complications

Answer 43

Difficulty breathing d/t mucus accumulation Risk for secondary infections Potential respiratory failure in severe cases

Question 44

Pertussis Prevention

Answer 44

Vaccine

Question 45

Whose most at risk for pertussis

Answer 45

Infants and children under age 5

Question 46

Varicella (Chicken Pox) Cause

Answer 46

Viral Infection caused by varicella-zoster virus - Appears 10-21 days after exposure and last 5-10 days

Question 47

Varicella signs and symptoms

Answer 47

Rash: raised pink or red bumps - small fluid-filled blisters - Crusts and Scabs Fever Headache Body malaise

Question 48

Varicella Diagnosis

Answer 48

PCR test + Symptoms

Question 49

Varicella Treatments

Answer 49

Antiviral therapy if within 24 hours of rash for kids older than 12 years Comfort measures and trim fingernails Vaccination=Prevention High risk for pregnant individuals

Question 50

Impetigo Causes

Answer 50

Skin infection caused by Staphylococcus and streptococcus pyogenes Bacteria gets into open area on the skin Most affects 2-6 year olds but can affect adults too

Question 51

Impetigo Signs/Symptoms

Answer 51

Mostly on the face and progressive Itchy, painful red blister or bump (blisters may rupture) Lesions start to leak honey-colored fluid (Strep) or clear/ pus (staph) Red patches that crust over with yellowish brown crust

Question 52

Impetigo Treatments

Answer 52

topical or oral antibiotics Remove crust prior to applying ointment

Question 53

Impetigo education to family

Answer 53

Contact precautions Do not touch area Family use different linens and hand hygiene Still contagious within 48hrs of topical and 24 for oral anitbiotics

Question 54

Fever

Answer 54

- beneficial to immune response - Treat symptoms not fever - If fever gets too high kids are at risk for seizures

Question 55

Roseola

Answer 55

Viral illness Fever breaks and turns into rash High fever lasting 3-5 days turns to rash when fever goes away Treat symptoms -> Keep kids comfortable

Question 56

Neonatal Fever

Answer 56

- Rectal temp 100.4 F or higher in infant 3 months or younger - Any fever at this age should be seen by ER or doctor - Can indicate early or late-onset sepsis

Question 57

Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash)

Answer 57

Inflammation of the skin in the diaper area d/t moisture, friction and contact with urine and stool

Question 58

Diaper Dermatitis Treatment

Answer 58

Treatment: Keep area clean and dry as possible Frequent diaper changes Water wipes or mild cleanser Barrier cream containing zinc oxide