Inflammation And Immunology Basics

Question 1

What does chronic inflammation have to do with chronic diseases

Answer 1

It happens in many chronic diseases like atherosclerosis, cancer and autoimmune diseases

Usually due to hyper immunity or too much tolerance

Helps them persist and progress into worse disease

Question 2

Why would inflammation persist (2 ways)

Answer 2

Not clearing the insult ie cancer or infection

There is an autoimmune response

Question 3

What is innate inflammation needed for

Answer 3

Humoral and cellular responses

Question 4

Gives examples of SLO

Answer 4

Spleen, lymph nodes and MALT

Question 5

What are tertiary organs

Answer 5

Accumulations in lymphoid cells due to chronic inflammation eg within joints in ra or pancreas of T1d

Question 6

What types of apc usually migrate to slo like lymph node to present ag

Answer 6

Dc

Question 7

What is malt for

Answer 7

Tolerance to commensals or food ag

Question 8

How do most lymphocytes flow through to lymph nodes or out because too big for afferent vessels

Answer 8

HEVs

Question 9

Which receptors induce innate inflammation first

Answer 9

Prr for damps and pamps

Question 10

What 2 things do they induce

Answer 10

Ifn type 1 and nfkb tf (for inflam cytokines)

Question 11

What are cytoplasmic rig 1 like for

Answer 11

Recognise dna or rna in cytoplasm and allow for ifn response and nfkb

Question 12

What do the cytokines produced help initiate inflam

Answer 12

Cell recruitment and vascular permeability

Question 13

Which other type is cytoplasmic and what do they recognise

Answer 13

Nod

Recognise peptidoglycans from bacterua

Question 14

Which tlr can recognise released dna from dying cells

Answer 14

Tlr 7 and 9

Question 15

What do c type lectins recognise

Answer 15

Cell surface carbohydrate eg decrin and b glucan

Question 16

Which types of dc are in peripheral tissue eg skin

Answer 16

Langerhans and obstetrical DCs

Question 17

Which type are in blood

Answer 17

Plasmacytoid

Question 18

Where do they all go

Answer 18

Migrate to close lymph nodes for T cell activation

Question 19

What type of vesicles does bcr internalise ag in

Answer 19

Clathrin coated

Question 20

What sort of vacuole does this form similar to a phagolysosome

Answer 20

Early endosome

Question 21

What happens in these vacuoles

Answer 21

Proteolytic cleavage of the MHC II invariant chain and processed peptides

Question 22

How is the clip removed

Answer 22

Hla dm

Question 23

How is myc 1 different

Answer 23

Proteasomal degradation endogenous ag

Either from healthy cell (cd8 is tolerant)
Or infected cell eg present cancer neo ag, viral or bac ag

Travels to the rer via tap and loaded via tapasin

Question 24

How are bcr and tcr specific

Answer 24

Ig/tcr gene rearrangements during development

Question 25

What sort of things alongside MHC do T cells need for activation

Answer 25

Coreceptor cd8,4 Costimulatory products Cytokines (from prr)

Question 26

What binds b7 on apc that T cells need to differentiate and activate

Answer 26

Cd28

Question 27

What would happen if no cd28 binding

Answer 27

T cell anergy No th1 or th2 polarisation

Question 28

What on T cells binds cd40 on apc

Answer 28

Cd40L

Question 29

What does this do

Answer 29

Stimulate th1 differentiation with il12 Upregulates MHC and b7 on apc surface

Question 30

Give 2 coinhibitory molecule examples needed for alloimmune tolerance/ general peripheral tolerance

Answer 30

Ctla4 whcih competitively binds b7 blocking cd28 Also pd-L1 on T cells or cancer cells Binds pd-1 and is inhibitory for activation

Question 31

Give 5 ways for immune tolerance

Answer 31

Clonal deletion in plo or periphery Clonal ignorance - ag is sequestered eg islets Clonal anergy - signal 1 but no 2 Deviation of th into diff responses eg th1 or 2 Regulatory cells eg breg, treg, dcreg

Question 32

Give example of anergy

Answer 32

Lacking co stimulatory molecules like cd40 or b7 (TADC) Or Ctla4 blocking cd28 binding to b7

Question 33

Where are reg cells upregulated

Answer 33

Cancers

Question 34

How are bregs regulatory of mast cells

Answer 34

Increase igg4 whcih stops igE binding to mast cell receptors

Question 35

How are tregs inhibitory

Answer 35

Express a lot of Ctla4 stops diff of th cells Release il10 which suppresses ag presentation and inflammatory cytokines needed for th differentiation eg il12

Question 36

What is the thing that causes chronic disease from chronic inflammation

Answer 36

Imbalance of tolerance and immunity Eg autoimmune or transplant rejection too immunogenic Tolerance to pathogens = comoribidies like cancer