Inflammation - Baker Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli

Protective response

Fx of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury

Unresolved damage causes further injury to tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are clinical conditions associated with inflammation?

A

Infection

Trauma, radiation

Chemical injury

Autoimmunity

Tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Difference b/t acute and chronic inflammation.

A

Acute

  • Pathogens, injury
  • PMNs, monocytes, macrophages
  • Vasoactive amines, eicosanoids
  • IMMEDIATE onset
  • Minutes to days
  • Resolution, abscess, or can turn into chronic

Chronic

  • Persistent acute inflammation, foreign bodies
  • Monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts
  • IFNgamma, growth factors, ROS
  • DELAYED onset
  • Weeks, months, years
  • Tissue destruction, fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is granulomatosis?

A

Variant of chronic inflammation characterized by aggregates of epitheloid histiocytes/macrophages, giant cells and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor

Tumor

Calor

Dolor

Loss of fx

  • Red and heat due to vasodilation and increased blood flow
  • Swelling due to edema
  • Pain due to PGE2, bradykinin, substance P, histamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is transudate?

A

Low protein content, few cells

Decreased colloid osmotic pressure (decreased protein synthesis), increased protein loss

Increased hydrostatic pressure (venous outflow obstruction)

Fluid pushed thru capillary due to high pressure w/in capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is exudate?

A

High protein content, high cell numbers of white and red cells

  • Increased interendothelial spaces and vasodilation and stasis
  • Fluid and protein leakage

Fluid that leaks around the cells of the capillaries caused by inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 2 phases of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular

  • Vasodilation
  • Edema
Cellular
-PMNs**
—Chemoattraction
—Rolling
—Adhesion*
—Transmigration
-Chemokines also present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What allows the PMN across the endothelium?

A

PECAM-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F - PMNs actually adhere to the endothelium.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most numerous cells in the blood?

A

RBC

Platelets

Neutrophil

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Low PMN amount

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

High amount of PMNs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

High WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Increase in number of lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Eosinophilia?

A

Eosinophil count too high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Thrombocytosis?

A

Body produces too many platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is leukocytosis with neutrophilia?

A

Acute inflammation - bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is leukocytosis with lymphocytosis?

A

Chronic inflammation - VIRAL

20
Q

Eosinophilia means what?

A

Parasitic infection, autoimmune, asthma/allergic

21
Q

T/F - Thrombocytosis or thrombocytopenia can occur during an infection.

A

TRUE

22
Q

Faster sedimentation rate would indicate what?

A

Infection

23
Q

An increase in band neutrophils typically means what?

A

Bone marrow has been signaled to release more WBCs and increase production of WBCs

Called left shift

24
Q

What is an abscess?

A

Painful collection of pus

Bacterial, parasitic, or foreign substances

25
Q

What are the 3 important cytokines in the acute phase response?

A

IL-1beta

IL-6

IFNgamma

*IL-6 signals the liver to release cytokines and CRP to initiate macrophages and other cells

26
Q

Why is albumin important?

A

It is used in protein synthesis for the liver to produce acute phase proteins for the acute phase response

27
Q

What is CRP?

A

C-reactive protein - an acute phase reactant
-Mild increase in healthy pts indicates risk of atherosclerosis

*Become abnormal faster than sedimentation rate

28
Q

What is procalcitonin?

A

A calcitonin precursor

  • Bacterial infection specific
  • Can help determine if abx are needed
29
Q

What are other acute phase reactants?

A

SAA
-Recruiter of immune cells

Ceruloplasmin
-Oxidizes iron

30
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Wound healing, angiogenesis, immune tolerance, defense against pathogens, and BBB fx

31
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

Acute exudative inflammation of an entire pulmonary lobe

  • Caused by S. Pneumoniae
  • 4 stages
32
Q

What are 3 cells involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes

Macrophages

Fibroblasts and new vessels in tissue repair

33
Q

Tell me about lymphocytes.

A

B - Antibodies, can become plasma cells

T:

  • CD4-TH1 - Fungal, mycobacterial, and other infections
  • CD4-TH2 - Parasites, allergies
  • TH17 - Ongoing PMN infiltrates
  • CD8 - Direct cytotoxicity, viral infection

These can be long lived and present in many sites

34
Q

T/F - Viral pneumonias manifest themselves in the interstitium rather than the alveolar air spaces.

A

TRUE

  • Secondary bacterial superinfection is possible*
  • Common viruses - Influenza A and B
35
Q

What do plasma cells look like?

A

Eccentric, round, clock-face nuclei

Make immunoglobulins

36
Q

What is the precursor to macrophages>

A

Monocytes

37
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

Kupffer cells in liver

Lymph nodes, spleen, lung, intestine, marrow

Granulomas is a cluster of epithelioid macrophages

38
Q

What are the largest type of leukocytes?

A

Monocytes

-Can differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells

39
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Collection of macrophages that form when the immune system attempts to arrest substances it perceives as foreign, but unable to eliminate

40
Q

What are the 2 types of macrophages?

A

M1

  • Type I inflammation
  • Killing of intracellular pathogens
  • Tumor resistance
  • Marker: iNOS*

M2

  • Marker: Arginine*
  • Parasites
  • Allergy
41
Q

What are type II immune responses responsive to?

A

Parasites and allergies

42
Q

What immune cells are active in the type II immune response?

A

TH2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils

43
Q

What do eosinophils respond to?

A

Ig

Mast cells

TH2 lymphocytes

Prominent in parasitic infections

44
Q

T/F - Many eosinophils in bronchial mucosa in asthma.

A

TRUE

45
Q

What is the difference b/t basophils and mast cells?

ON THE TEST

A

Both are granulated cells that contain histamine and heparin (anticoagulant)

Basophils - Leave marrow mature

Mast cell - Circulate in an immature form and mature once in a tissue