Inflammation & immunity

Question 1

What happens during the vascular phase of inflammation?

Answer 1

Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, increased blood flow to the area to allow plasma proteins to travel to the site.

Question 2

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation.

Answer 2

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 3

What are the four phases of acute inflammation?

Answer 3

Initiation, vascular, cellular, resolution

Question 4

Name some cells that are sources of inflammatory mediators?

Answer 4

Leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes), mast cells, platelets and plasma

Question 5

What is opsonisation?

Answer 5

Tagging of pathogens by complement and immunoglobulins that mark them for destruction

Question 6

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 6

Phagocytosis of pathogens

Question 7

Where are preformed mediators kept?

Answer 7

Granules

Question 8

Histamine has what action on blood vessels?

Answer 8

Vasodilation and increased permeability

Question 9

Serotonin has what affect on the blood vessels?

Answer 9

Vasoconstriction

Question 10

Prostaglandins have what action?

Answer 10

Pain, fever and vasodilation

Question 11

What clinical features might present with a cytokine storm?

Answer 11

Confusion, shortness of breath, lethargy. Similar to septic reaction.

Question 12

What negative outcomes can occur if acute inflammation is not resolved?

Answer 12

Abscess formation, scar formation or chronic inflammation

Question 13

What happens when the immune system overreacts?

Answer 13

Autoimmune disorders and allergic reactions

Question 14

A myeloid progenitor becomes what types of cells?

Answer 14

Granulocytes and monocytes

Question 15

A lymphoid stem cell become what types of cells?

Answer 15

B cells and T cells

Question 16

Name the granulocytes

Answer 16

Neutrophil, basophil, eosinophils, mast cell and monocyte

Question 17

What is the primary lymphatic tissue and what is its function?

Answer 17

Bone marrow for hematopoiesis and thymus for t-cell maturation

Question 18

Name some examples of secondary lymphatic tissue

Answer 18

Spleen, lymph nodes, adenoids, tonsils, Peyer’s patch etc

Question 19

What cells have the specialist function of presenting antigens to the B and T cells to trigger the adaptive immune response?

Answer 19

Dendritic cells

Question 20

What cells are involved in cell mediated immunity?

Answer 20

Th (helper T) and Tc (cytotoxic T) cells

Question 21

The maturation of B Cells to produce antibodies is termed…

Answer 21

Humoral immunity

Question 22

What triggers the innate immune response?

Answer 22

Recognition of PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) by PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

Question 23

Name some PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) for bacteria

Answer 23

Lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, glycolipids and lipoproteins

Question 24

Name some PAMPs for viruses

Answer 24

Envelope proteins and ssRNA

Question 25

Name some PRRs

Answer 25

Dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages

Question 26

What are the functions of complement proteins?

Answer 26

Bind to microbes to opsonise them for phagocytosis, bind to receptors on granulocytes to encourage degranulation, stimulate chemotaxis of immune cells, form membrane attack complexes that result in cell lysis.

Question 27

What are the three pathways of the complement cascade?

Answer 27

Classical (antibody), lectin and alternative (pathogen).

Question 28

Effector B cells liberate antibodies, what are the five types?

Answer 28

IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM, IgE

Question 29

What type of bonding is seen between the heavy and light chains of an antibody?

Answer 29

Disulphide bonding

Question 30

What shape is an antibody?

Answer 30

Y

Question 31

What section of the antibody binds to antigens?

Answer 31

Variable heavy and light regions

Question 32

What part of an antigen does an antibody bind to?

Answer 32

The epitope

Question 33

The Fc (crystallised) region of an antibody has what function?

Answer 33

Binds to the Fc receptor on phagocytic cells, bringing with it the pathogen so that it can be phagocytosed.

Question 34

Which antibody type is the most abundant in serum?

Answer 34

IgG

Question 35

Which antibody is most associated with allergies?

Answer 35

IgE

Question 36

Which antibody is produced first after recognition and is an activator of the complement cascade?

Answer 36

IgM

Question 37

Which antibody is present in secretions, making it important in the transfer of antibodies through breast milk?

Answer 37

IgA

Question 38

What cells are important in the memory of a pathogen?

Answer 38

Memory B cells

Question 39

What process leads to a large repertoire of antibody specificities from only a limited number of gene fragments?

Answer 39

Somatic recombination

Question 40

What are CD4+ and CD8+ T cells respectively?

Answer 40

T helper cells and T cytotoxic cells

Question 41

What chemical promotes the proliferation of T and B cells?

Answer 41

Cytokines

Question 42

HLA stands for?

Answer 42

Human leukocyte antigen

Question 43

The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is a protein with a fragment of the pathogen that is presented the outside of antigen presenting cells to activate T cells. There are two classes of protein. Which class interacts with which T cell type?

Answer 43

Class I interacts with CD8 (Tc) and class II interacts with CD4 (Th)

Question 44

Major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) are found in all cells of the body, they are similar to HLA, why are they important?

Answer 44

So that any infected cell in the body can present a part of the infective pathogen to the T cells, labelling the infected cell for destruction.