Inflammation / Necrosis

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to infections and damaged tissues that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, in order to eliminate the offending agents.

Question 2

What are the mediators of defense

Answer 2

The mediators of defense include phagocytic leukocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins.
Most of these normally circulate in the blood, from which they can be rapidly recruited to any site in the body
• some of the cells also reside in tissues.

Question 3

What is the purpose of inflammation

Answer 3

It serves to rid the host of both the initial cause of cell injury (e.g., microbes, toxins) and the consequences of such injury (e.g., necrotic cells and tissues).

Question 4

T/F Inflamaition is a protective response that is essential for survival

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What would happen without inflammation

Answer 5

Without inflammation, infections would go unchecked, wounds would never heal, and injured tissues might remain permanent festering sores.

Question 6

What are the first line of defense

Answer 6

First lines are intact anatomic barriers

Question 7

What are the second line of defense

Answer 7

Second line of defense consists of

inflammatory reaction

Question 8

What is the 3rd line of defense

Answer 8

Third line of defense consists of the immune response

Question 9

list 3 intact anatomic barriers

Answer 9

skin , mucous membranes, antibacterial / antifungal secretions, auxiliary mechanisms

Question 10

give 2 types of auxiliary mechanisms

Answer 10

Mechanical clearance:Sloughing off of the lining epithelium
Coughing of mucus-entrapped material
Vomiting urination

Microbiological antagonisms between invading organisms and those that constitute the
normal flora

Question 11

describe what second line of defense is like

Answer 11

REACTION OF VASCULARIZED TISSUE
TO INJURY AND THE CONSEQUENCES OF INJURY IN AN ATTEMPT TO RESTORE THE TISSUE TO THE
PREINJURIOUS STATE

Question 12

What are the 3 general purposes of inflammation

Answer 12

DESTROY
DILUTE
WALL OFF

Question 13

what are the steps in the inflammatory reaction

Answer 13

1. The offending agent, which is located in extravascular tissues, is recognized by host cells and molecules.
2. Leukocytes and plasma proteins are recruited from the circulation to the site where the offending agent is located.
3. The leukocytes and proteins are activated and work together to destroy and eliminate the offending substance.
4. The reaction is controlled and terminated.
5. The damaged tissue is repaired.

Question 14

What kinds of cells recognize microbes

Answer 14

macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells

Question 15

vasodilation increased vascular permeability lead to

Answer 15

edema

Question 16

What are 2 harmful effects of inflammation

Answer 16

acute hypersensitivity type 1

fibrotic deformity - disfiguring scars, obstruction, limited mobility

Question 17

what are 4 components of the inflammatory reaction

Answer 17

plasma, circulating blood cells , connective tissue components, blood vessels

Question 18

what circulating blood cells make up components of the inflammatory reaction

Answer 18

neutrophils , monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes , basophils, platelets

Question 19

what are the connective tissue components of the inflammatory reaction

Answer 19

mast cells, fibroblasts, resident macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 20

compare onset in acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 20

acute - rapid

chronic - slow

Question 21

compare duration in acute and chronic

Answer 21

acute - short , minutes to days

chronic - long - days to months

Question 22

compare cells in acute and chronic

Answer 22

acute - inflammatory cells mainly neutrophils

chronic - mononeuclear inflammatory cells with proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue

Question 23

what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 23

1.REDNESS (RUBNOR)
INCREASED VASCULARITY SECONDARY TO VASODILATION

2.SWELLING (TUMOR)
EDEMA SECONDARY TO INCREASED

3.VASOPERMEABILITY HEAT (CALOR)
INCREASED VASCULARITY SECONDARY TO VASODILATION

4. PAIN (DOLAR)
5. NEURAL IRRITATION FROM EDEMA, METABOLIC BY- PRODUCTS, AND CHEMICAL MEDIATORS

6.LOSS OF FUNCTION (FUNCTIO LAESA)
UNCLEAR BUT PROBABLY NEUROGENIC

Question 24

what are major components of acute inflammation

Answer 24

alteration in the caliber in microcirculation
alteration of microcirculation permeability
emigration of leukocytes from the microcirculation

Question 25

EXUDATE

Answer 25

1. HIGH PROTEIN CONTENT
2. MANY CELLS AND CELLULAR DEBRIS
3. HIGH SPECIFIC

Question 26

Transudate

Answer 26

1. LOW PROTEIN CONTENT
2. FEW, IF ANY, CELLS
3. LOW SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Question 27

Describe temporal vascular changes that occur

Answer 27

1. TRANSIENT ARTERIOLAR VASOCONSTRICTION
2. ARTERIOLAR VASODILATATION OPENING OF 3.CAPILLARY BEDS VENULAR DILATATION
3. INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY SLOW (STASIS) OF THE CIRCULATION

Question 28

What is the hallmark of acute inflammation

Answer 28

INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IS THE

HALLMARK OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Question 29

Describe what an exudate blood vessel looks like

Answer 29

high protein content. Increased interendothelial spaces allow for fluid and protein leakage. Increased hydrostatic pressure