inflammation , tissue injury and neoplasms and atheroma

Question 1

what is apoptosis?

Answer 1

individual cell death

Question 2

what is necrosis?

Answer 2

tissue death

Question 3

what is resolution?

Answer 3

complete restoration of the tissues to normal after an episode of acute inflammation

Question 4

What is organisation?

Answer 4

replacement by granulation tissue

Question 5

Which cells are involved with chronic inflammation?

Answer 5

plasma cells
lymphocytes
macrophages

Question 6

do macrophages produce cytokines?

Answer 6

yes

Question 7

Name some mechanisms of cellular injury?

Answer 7

1. membrane integrity
2. impaired metabolism
3. DNA damage or loss
4. metabolite deficiency

Question 8

What type of damage do these features describe?

1. reduction in aerobic respiration
2. increased anaerobic respiration
3. cell swelling, accumulation of lipids

Answer 8

reversible damage

Question 9

What type of damage do these features describe?

1. severe damage to cell membrane and mitochondria
2. profound ATP depletion

Answer 9

irreversible damage

Question 10

What are the differences between apoptosis and necrosis?

Answer 10

apoptosis- cell death, energy dependent, can be physiological and pathological

necrosis- tissue death, non energy dependent, always pathological

Question 11

After a fixed number of divisions , cells enter a non dividing stage. What is this called?

Answer 11

senescence

Question 12

What is a cells hayflick number?

Answer 12

when the cell enters senescence

Question 13

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 13

enlargement due to increase in number of cells.

Question 14

is hyperplasia reversible or irreversible

Answer 14

reversible

Question 15

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 15

enlargement due to increase in cell size

Question 16

What is atrophy?

Answer 16

reduction in cell size and number

Question 17

Is atrophy reversible and irreversible?

Answer 17

reversible

Question 18

What is hypoplasia?

Answer 18

reduced size of an organ

Question 19

What is metaplasia?

Answer 19

an acquired form of altered differentiation e.g Barrets oesophagus

Question 20

What is a neoplasm?

Answer 20

an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated and persists in same excessive manner when stimuli is removed

Question 21

What are the 2 different types of behavioural neoplasia?

Answer 21

benign and malignant

Question 22

describe benign neoplasms

Answer 22

resemble normal tissue
no invasion
no necrosis
dont spread
 (NOT CANCER)

Question 23

describe malignant neoplasms

Answer 23

(CANCER)
invasive growth pattern
not encapsulated
necrosis common
may spread

Question 24

What is dysplasia?

Answer 24

enlargement of organ or tissue by proliferation of abnormal cells

Question 25

what does it mean that neoplasms are monoclonal?

Answer 25

they are derived from a single ancestor cell

Question 26

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 26

growth of new capillary blood vessels in the body

Question 27

what do oncogenes do?

Answer 27

stimulate proliferation and inhibit cell death

Question 28

what do tumour suppressor genes do?

Answer 28

inhibit proliferation and stimulate cell death

Question 29

What is Dukes staging?

Answer 29

A- confined to cell wall B-penetrates wall but no lymph node metastasis C-lymph node metastasis D-metastatic disease

Question 30

what is a labile cell?

Answer 30

one which is continuously dividing

Question 31

What is a stable cell?

Answer 31

one with low level of replicative activity

Question 32

what is a permanent cell?

Answer 32

a non dividing cell

Question 33

name some atheroma risk factors

Answer 33

``` family history male smoking hypertension diabetes obesisty age geography hyperlipidaemia ```