Inflammation, Tissue Repair Wound Healing, Innate/Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

list ways the immune system protects the body

Answer 1

defend against abnormal cells and molecules that develop within the body, localizes, recognizes, and destroys pathogens.

Question 2

five cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 2

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

Question 3

describe events in the inflammatory process

Answer 3

vasodilation: leads to greater blood flow to the area of inflammation, resulting in redness and heat.

vascular permeability: endothelial cells become “leaky” from either direct endothelial cell injury or via chemical mediators.

Exudation: fluid, proteins, red blood cells, and white blood cells Escape from the intravascular space as a result of increased osmotic pressure extravascularly and increased hydrostatic pressure intravascularly

vascular stasis: slowing of the blood in the bloodstream with vasodilation and fluid exudation to allow chemical mediators and inflammatory cells to collect and respond to the stimulus.

Val
Vicariously
Emptied
Vic’s pocket

Question 4

list the stages of wound healing

Answer 4

inflammatory phase, proliferative phase, wound contraction and remodeling phase

Question 5

contrast inflammatory exudates: sErous, fIbrInous, serosanguineous, Purulent.

Answer 5

sErous: WatEry fluids low in protEin content, result from plasma entering the inflammatory site

fibrinous: Contain large amounts of fibrInogen and form a thIck and stIcky meshwork
serosanguineous: Serosanguinous drainage is the most common type of exudate that is seen in wounds. It is thin, pink, and watery in presentation. Not totally blood.
purulent: Contains Pus; composed of degraded white blood cells, proteins, and tissue debris

Question 6

describe leukocytes or WBCs

give function of neutrophils including “shift to the left”.

Answer 6

leukocytes or WBCs, are white blood cells and they mark and kill any foreign molecule in the body.

neutrophils: They constantly patrol the organism for signs of microbial infections, and when found, these cells quickly respond to trap and kill the invading pathogens.

shift to the left: A left shift indicates the presence of immature neutrophils in blood and usually, but not always, indicates an inflammatory leukogram (see related links for the historical origin of this term). Immature neutrophils are usually band neutrophils, but earlier forms can be seen.

Question 7

eosinophils

Answer 7

Eosinophilic functions include: movement to inflamed areas, trapping substances, killing cells, anti-parasitic and bactericidal activity, participating in immediate allergic reactions, and modulating inflammatory responses.

Question 8

basophils

Answer 8

Thus the physiological role of basophils is thought to be the release of cytokines, leukotrienes and histamine to aid immunity to pathogens.

Question 9

monocytes

Answer 9

Monocytes have two distinct roles; they regularly patrol the body for microbial cells and orchestrate an immune response in times of infection and inflammation.

Question 10

lymphocytes (NK cells, B and T lymphocytes

Answer 10

NK cells: NK cells are best known for killing virally infected cells, and detecting and controlling early signs of cancer.

B lymphocytes: B lymphocytes are the effectors of humoral immunity, providing defense against pathogens through different functions including antibody production.

T lymphocytes: The T lymphocytes are regulators of adaptive function, serving as primary effectors for cell-mediated immunity.

Question 11

describe the actions of cytokines

Answer 11

cytokines are proteins produced by many cell types that modulate the function of other cells.

Cytokines may act on the cells that secrete them (autocrine action), on nearby cells (paracrine action), or in some instances on distant cells (endocrine action). It is common for different cell types to secrete the same cytokine or for a single cytokine to act on several different cell types (pleiotropy).

basically, they signal the immune system to do it’s job.

Question 12

differentiate the role of WBC’s in innate defense in the body vs. specific adaptive defense

Answer 12

WBCs in innate defense: neutrophils and macrophages are the first responders to antigens

WBCs in specific adaptive defense: B and T lymphocytes which provide defense against pathogens by producing antibodies and regulating adaptive function (remembering pathogens)

Question 13

describe the actions of complement and the complement system

Answer 13

The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and attack the pathogen’s cell membrane.

the complement system has three phases: initial activation phase (where the system recognizes a microbe based on how it binds), early step inflammatory processes (to do stuff), and late-step membrane attack (to lyse the pathogenic microbe)

Question 14

differentiate the two types of T cells, helper T and cytotoxic T cells

Answer 14

helper T cells: CD4+
the antigen specific helper T cell recognizes and binds on to the “carrier”. This helps the body recognize self from non self.

cytotoxic T cells: CD8+
Cytotoxic T cells kill their targets by programming them to undergo apoptosis (Fig. 8.35). When cytotoxic T cells are mixed with target cells and rapidly brought into contact by centrifugation, they can program antigen-specific target cells to die within 5 minutes, although death may take hours to become fully evident.

Question 15

name the two major types of B cells and explain their role

Answer 15

Memory B Lymphocyte. Some B lymphocytes will differentiate into memory B cells, which are are long-lived cells that remain within the body and allow a more rapid response to future infections.

Plasma cells are the other type of B cells. They secrete antibodies.

Question 16

describe these antibodies: IgG, IgE, IgA

Answer 16

The body retains a catalog of IgG antibodies that can be rapidly reproduced whenever exposed to the same antigen. IgG antibodies form the basis of long-term protection against microorganisms. In those with a normal immune system, sufficient IgG is produced to prevent re-infection.
IgG=long term protection

IgE: IgE is associated with allergies, allergic diseases, and with parasitic infections.

IgA: IgA provides protection against infection in mucosal areas of the body such as the respiratory tract (sinus and lungs) and the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines).
IgA=mucosal

Question 17

define antibody titer

Answer 17

An antibody titer test measures the amount of a specific type of antibodies in the blood.

Question 18

list the primary lymphoid organs and their function

Answer 18

primary organs are: bone marrow and thymus gland

Bone marrow makes stem cells, which produce platelets and white and red blood cells.

thymus gland The thymus gland is in the chest between the lungs. It makes white blood cells (T lymphocytes) which are part of the immune system and help fight infection.

Question 19

list secondary lymphoid organs and their function

Answer 19

lymph nodes: Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease.

spleen: it fights invading germs in the blood (the spleen contains infection-fighting white blood cells) it controls the level of blood cells (white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets) it filters the blood and removes any old or damaged red blood cells.
tonsils: The tonsils are part of the body’s immune system. Because of their location at the throat and palate, they can stop germs entering the body through the mouth or the nose. The tonsils also contain a lot of white blood cells, which are responsible for killing germs.

Peyer’s patches (in the small intestine): Peyer’s patches are small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine. Also known as aggregated lymphoid nodules, they form an important part of the immune system by monitoring intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines.

LSPT

Question 20

contrast passive immunity vs. active immunity

Answer 20

passive immunity is where specific protection is induced through transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen

Transferred from another source—–>Maternal IgG crosses the placenta and protects the newborn during the first few months of life.

Active immunity is where specific protection induced following exposure to antigens
Ex. Vaccination & boosters

Question 21

how is the newborn helped by mom to boost immunity

Answer 21

the mother gives IgG through the placenta

Question 22

In cell differentiation, identify pluripotent stem cells, myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells. What do they produce?

Answer 22

myeloid stem cells produce eosinophils
lymphoid stem cells produce T cells, B cells, NK cells
pluripotent stem cells produce any cell that the body could need.

Question 23

define antigen and walk through the stages of the body’s response to a new antigen.

Answer 23

antigens are any foreign molecule in the body (non-self)

pathogen recognition by cells of the innate immune system, with cytokine release, complement activation and phagocytosis of antigens. the innate immune system triggers an acute inflammatory response to contain the infection.