influenza pathology

Question 1

Why is the influenza virus a major public health concern

Answer 1

It has the potential to cause pandemics and evolve rapidly

Question 2

Give an example of an influenza strain with global spread

Answer 2

H5N1

Question 3

what family does the influenza virus belong to

Answer 3

Orthomyxoviridae

Question 4

Which influenza type is responsible for pandemics

Answer 4

Influenza a

Question 5

which influenza type does not cause pandemics but infects human

Answer 5

Influenza b

Question 6

How many segments does rhe influenza d virus

Answer 6

seven

Question 7

What is the outer structure of the influenza virus derived from

Answer 7

the host cell membrane

Question 8

Name the 3 key envelope proteinns of innfluenza

Answer 8

Hemagglutin(HA) ,Neuraminidase (NA) and M2 proteiin

Question 9

What is the function of Ha

Answer 9

binds to host cell receptors and mediates membrane fusion

Question 10

What is the function of NA

Answer 10

Cleaves sialic acid to facilitate virus release

Question 11

How are influenza virus subtypes named

Answer 11

Based on their HA and NA proteins

Question 12

What receptor linkage does human adapted influenza bind to

Answer 12

a2-6 sialic acid linkages

Question 13

What receptor linkage does influenza prefer

Answer 13

a2-3 sialic acid linkages

Question 14

How is influenced transmitted

Answer 14

Through respiratory droplets and direct contact

Question 15

What determines the severity of influenza infection

Answer 15

the strains pathogenicitiy and host immune response

Question 16

what 2 mechanisms drive influenza virus evolution

Answer 16

Antigenic drift and antigenic shift

Question 17

How can zoonotic transmissionn lead to pandemics

Answer 17

By allowing the virus to jump from animals to humans and new mutations

Question 18

How has H5N1 spread globally

Answer 18

Through bird migration

Question 19

Why is H5N1 in mammals a concern

Answer 19

it increases the risk of human to human transmission

Question 20

What is the primary prevention method for influenza

Answer 20

Vaccination

Question 21

name an antiviral drug that targets neuraminidase

Answer 21

oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

Question 22

How does influenza bind to host cells

Answer 22

HA binds to sialic acid recptors on epithelial cells

Question 23

What process follows receptor binding

Answer 23

Endocytosis

Question 24

What triggers membrane fusionn inside the host cells

Answer 24

a pH drop in the endosome

Question 25

What viral structure mediates fusion

Answer 25

The HA fusion peptide

Question 26

Which allows viral RNA to be released into the cytoplasm

Answer 26

matrix (m ) protein breakdown and M2 ion channel activity

Question 27

What role does M2 protein play in uncoating

Answer 27

It allows H+ innflux to dissociate RNPs

Question 28

How do RNPS enter the nucleus

Answer 28

Via importins

Question 29

What enzyme initiates viral RNA synthesis

Answer 29

RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)

Question 30

What are the 2 types of RNA synthesis in influenza

Answer 30

Transcription(mRNA production for viral proteins) Replication (copying of(-) sense genome for virions

Question 31

What protein facilitates RNP export

Answer 31

NS2(NEP)

Question 32

What pathway does RNP export follow

Answer 32

The CRM1 pathway

Question 33

Where are HA, NA and M2 proteins processed

Answer 33

In the golgi apparatus before trafficking to the plasma membrane

Question 34

What protein helps package all 8 genome sequences

Answer 34

M1 Matrix protein

Question 35

What enzyme prevents new virion from reattaching to the host cells

Answer 35

Neuraminidase (NA )

Question 36

How are new virions released from the cells

Answer 36

By budding from the plasma membrane

Question 37

What host machinery does influenza use for replications

Answer 37

The host cells nucleus and protein synthesis pathways

Question 38

What contributes to seasonal outbreaks and pandemic

Answer 38

Antigennic variation (drift and shift)

Question 39

Why is studying the influenza life cycle important

Answer 39

It helps develop effective vaccines and antiviral treatments.