Informatics Flashcards

Question

PNDS

Answer 1

Perioperative Nursing Data Set. ANA recognized data set. Used in perioperative care settings. Contains Diagnoses, interventions and outcomes.

Answer 2

ABC Codes. Multidisciplinary terminology recognized by ANA. Used by nursing and other health professionals. Contains interventions. Used to code alternative medical treatments and unlicensed practices such as yoga, because these services are often provided by nonphysician or unlicensed practitioners

Answer 3

Logical Observation, Identifiers, Names and Codes. Multidisciplinary terminology recognized by ANA. Used by nursing and other health professionals. Contains outcomes and assessments. a universal standard that is comprised of more than 71,000 observation terms primarily used to represent laboratory tests, measurements, and observations. It is also a clinical terminology for laboratory test orders and results, clinical measures such as vital signs, and other patient observations. identified by the Health Level Seven (HL7) Standard Development Organization (SDO) as a preferred code set for laboratory test names in transactions between healthcare facilities, laboratories, laboratory testing devices, and public health authorities

Answer 4

Systematic Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms. Multidisciplinary terminology recognized by ANA. Used by nursing and other health professionals. Contains Diagnoses, interventions and outcomes. Considered to be the most comprehensive, multilingual healthcare terminology in the world and integrates concepts from many nursing terminologies. one of a suite of designated standards for use for the electronic exchange of health information, and also is a required standard in interoperability specifications of the U.S. Health Information Technology Standards Panel/

Answer 5

CCC (Clinical Care Classification) System, ICNP (International Classification for Nursing Practice), Omaha System, PNDS (Perioperative Nursing Data Set), SNOMED (System Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms).

Answer 6

NIC (Nursing Intervention Classification), ABC Codes

Answer 7

NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification), LOINC (Logical Observation, Identifiers, Names and Codes).

Answer 8

A data set is a collection of related, discrete items of related data that may be accessed individually or in combination or managed as a whole entity.

Answer 9

Nursing, Patient or Client Elements, Service Elements

Answer 10

Care Elements - Nursing Diagnosis, Nursing Intervention, Nursing outcome, Intensity of Nursing Care

Answer 11

Unique facility/service agency identifier, Unique identifier of principal registered nurse provider, Episode admission or encounter date, Discharge or termination date, Disposition of patient/client, Expected payer of most of this bill

Answer 12

Environment and Nursing Resources

Answer 13

Facility unique identifiers, type of nursing delivery unit/service, patient/client population, volume of nursing delivery unit/service, care delivery structure and outcomes, patient/client accessibility, Accreditation/Certification licensure

Answer 14

Personal Identification, Date of Birth, Sex, Race and ethnicity, Residence

Answer 15

Staffing, satisfaction, nurse demographics per unit /service, clinical mental work, environmental conditions, and EHR implementation stages.

Answer 16

Designed for use at the point of care. They use terms and concepts that are familiar to practicing nurses. Interface terminologies vary in scope, structure, and content

Answer 17

acts as a common reference point that can facilitate cross-mapping between interface terminologies.

Answer 18

A system that is adaptive and can manage situations and scenarios that are complex. A viable system is able to respond in a variety of ways to changing situations in order to survive.

Answer 19

Organized collection of data

Answer 20

software that contains the database as well as a collection or set of programs for accessing and processing these data in the database thereby identifying relationships between the data. It is important to realize that different databases can manage the same database.

Answer 21

allows the storage, curation, and retrieval necessary to turn data without context into data that can be used to generate information and knowledge useful in making wise patient care decisions.

Answer 22

Front-end and Back-end

Answer 23

Provides an application in which a user can view, manipulate, and interpret data

Answer 24

Where data is stored

Answer 25

the ability to store data in a central repository as well as the ability to manage the data in a central location thereby reducing data redundancy, increasing data consistency, and improving access to data

Answer 26

occurs when one stores the same data in the database more than once or stores it in more than one interrelated database. In healthcare there are many examples of data redundancy. Patients may be working with several physicians all of whom may store their patient records in their own database that is not accessible by other healthcare providers or healthcare institutions, thereby requiring the patient to either provide that information again or obtain their records from the other doctor or facility. The patient’s active medication list may be in both the electronic medical record that the primary provider maintains, in a pharmacy that fills the medication prescriptions, and in the electronic record at a healthcare institution. A well-designed automated database links these records and updates them in one place, and then allows users access to it from this single location regardless of the location of the end user.

Answer 27

results as each user working with different databases updates or changes the data. For example, when a doctor admits a patient to a hospital, different caregivers will ask the patient to identify medications he or she is taking at home. Sometimes the patient will list only prescription medications; other times the patient will include over-the-counter drugs the patient takes on a routine basis. Sometimes the patient will forget to include a medication. If caregivers record these different lists in different sections of the medical record, inconsistency occurs. In a well-designed integrated automated database, each caregiver is working with the same list each time data are reviewed. An additional problem occurs if one uses different terms for the same data. For example, sometimes one might use a generic name while other times one might use the brand name for that drug. This is why standards such as standard languages (i.e., SNOMED) are key to the design of EHRs. An automated database design that uses recognized standards as well as consistent input and access to data is imperative to creating databases necessary for the efficient and effective delivery of quality healthcare.

Answer 28

Client-server model

Answer 29

Most modern DBMSs utilize the client-server model. In this scenario the client contains the front end and talks to the server which houses the data in the back end. The client and the server are often on different computers with the database residing on the server.

Answer 30

The back-end of a DBMS is accessed through the internet on the cloud

Answer 31

In-house hosted system the server that houses the database is on site

Answer 32

one where there is a single, central computer that hosts a database and the DBMS. Many hospitals today are examples of this type of system. The hospital is the “hub” and hosts the system where many users on the network access this database.

Answer 33

A distributed system is one where there are multiple database files located at different sites. The main difference between these two options is one of control. Conversely, in a distributed system there is no centralized control structure. With the changing direction of healthcare to keeping the patient out of the hospital by monitoring them at home, the digitization of all patient records, patient portals, and so forth, there is a shift to a more distributed system or decentralized system

Answer 34

a DBMS consists of data that designers structure into tables and join by relationships. Each table consists of attributes and data points associated to those attributes

Answer 35

tables are related to each other through a system of keys. Each table has a primary key which allows the system to request one record at a time. Tables can be combined in such a way to allow the system to generate reports based on all of tables. The main features of this type of a system are tables, attributes, and keys where attributes are the columns in the tables and keys are what allows us to find one record in the table. The functions they provide include creating, updating, or changing data, deleting data, and querying generally by means of Structured Query Language (SQL) statements.

Answer 36

NoSQL is an agile system that easily processes unstructured data and semi-structured data. It is cloud-friendly and a new way of thinking about databases. NoSQL doesn’t adhere to traditional RDMS structure, has a rich query language, and is easily scalable

Answer 37

database features the organization of the data around entities (Mullins, 2013). It is a flow chart on how entities—people, objects, and concepts—relate to each other. ER models use symbols and connecting lines to depict interconnectedness entities, their relationships, and attributes. The ER Model is closely tied to the Relational Database Model and often serves as the underlying organization for the tables and relationships. Entities are usually the participants in a system.

Answer 38

A graph-oriented object database model (GOOD) is introduced as a theoretical basis for database systems in which manipulation as well as conceptual representation of data is transparently graph-based. In the GOOD model, the scheme as well as the instance of an object database is represented by a graph, and the data manipulation is expressed by graph transformations. These graph transformations are described using five basic operations and a method construct, all with a natural semantics. The basic operations add and delete objects and edges as a function of the matchings of a pattern. The expressiveness of the model in terms of object-oriented modeling and data manipulation power is investigated

Answer 39

The purpose of a data warehouse is to provide a place to store multiple forms of data in a lightly summarized way. Once the data is generated, cleaned, and stored in a data warehouse it is not modified. Although new data may be added to the data warehouse, the data that already exist in the system provide an archive of information to be used by an organization.

Answer 40

the process of extracting, integrating, transforming, and cleansing data and storing it in a consolidated database

Answer 41

function of the data warehouse is to serve as a central information repository. In true data warehouse situations, once the data are curated and stored in the data warehouse, there is no need to search for data anywhere else. In order to do this the data warehouse must be able to extract data from the variety of computers systems and import that data into the warehouse. Healthcare industry has many legacy systems and multivendor applications. Healthcare facilities may use their data warehouses to perform clinical analytics, financial forecasting, etc. This, however, can only happen if the correct data is in the system

Answer 42

a DBMS that is for a single unit of work and may contain a subset of data stored in a warehouse. For instance, a hospital may have a data warehouse where all information is housed, and a single department may have a data mart. Although the definition and distinction are still not agreed upon (Mullins, 2013), it is important to recognize that the main difference lies in the scope of the people who are accessing the data. The advantages of a data mart include quick response time due to less data than a warehouse, simplicity in implementation, greater cost-effectiveness than a data warehouse, value to specific groups like a unit or department in a hospital, and ease of maintenance. The main disadvantage to a data mart is that it cannot provide the organization with organization-wide data analysis; it can only provide departmental or unitwide analysis

Answer 43

a freer form of a DBMS where the structure of the data is loose and varied including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data. Input processing can be in batch, real-time, or one-time loads. Sources of data for a data lake can be databases, social media, monitoring devices, e-mails, and so forth (AWS, 2019). A data lake is often characterized by the flow of data into a central repository, similar to rivers flowing into a lake. Often, data in a data lake is diverse in nature and may include, for example, images as well as sound clips. There is no fixed limit on size or file type. The main distinction between a data lake and a data warehouse or a data mart is that the data in the data lake stays in its original form. It is not extracted, integrated, transformed, cleaned, or processed.

Answer 44

a generic term used to describe a DBMS that lumps several diverse data sources together. Since the main advantage of modern DBMSs is to be able to look at diverse sets of data and impose a structure on them, the type of structure that the designer chooses should be tied to the purpose of the data store in the first place.

Answer 45

“the process of finding anomalies, patterns and correlations within large data sets to predict outcomes” (SAS, 2019, para 1). In more detail, data mining is the computational process that allows us to use our data in order to “mine” insights that we may not have seen without the assistance of a computer. Usually, data mining is performed on sets of data that are so large there is no way to pick out the patterns by observation alone. In healthcare the purpose is to assist in providing quality care, predicting best treatment choices, and utilizing healthcare resources in a cost-effective manner.

Answer 46

Primary purpose of the Nationwide Health Information Network is to ensure secure internet exchange of information through standards policies and services. Funded by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC). Primary goal is to assist healthcare providers to move from a system of paper medical records to a secure electronic health record that can be easily accessed by various healthcare providers and utilized to evaluate the quality of care

Answer 47

the process of reducing the amount of capacity required to store data. Data reduction can increase storage efficiency and reduce costs. Storage vendors will often describe storage capacity in terms of raw capacity and effective capacity, which refers to data after the reduction.

Answer 48

Data deduplication, compression and single-instance storage

Answer 49

also known as data dedupe, eliminates redundant segments of data on storage systems. It only stores redundant segments once and uses that one copy whenever a request is made to access that piece of data. Data dedupe is more granular than single-instance storage.

Answer 50

Single-instance storage finds files such as email attachments sent to multiple people and only stores one copy of that file. As with dedupe, single-instance storage replaces duplicates with pointers to the one saved copy.

Answer 51

works on a file level. It is accomplished natively in storage systems using algorithms or formulas designed to identify and remove redundant bits of data. Data compression specifically refers to a data reduction method by which files are shrunk at the bit level. Compression works by using formulas or algorithms to reduce the number of bits needed to represent the data. This is usually done by representing a repeating string of bits with a smaller string of bits and using a dictionary to convert between them

Answer 52

Data reduction technique. Cluster groups of statistical units into clusters (classes) in order to reduce the overall number of statistical units. A cluster is comprised of elements that are similar to each other and dissimilar to other clusters, so clustering is essentially a method of grouping. To determine why the groups are different, then a different data reduction technique, factor analysis, must be used.

Answer 53

Voice over internet protocol

Answer 54

Analog Telephone Adaptor, IP phones, Computer to computer

Answer 55

A site with patient data that can be activated within 8 hours. This backup system should be capable of running the EHR if the home system fails. This warm site should be natural events such as hurricane, tornado, and flooding as well as terrorist attacks. The location should be more than 50 miles away and more than 20 miles from the coast to lessen the change that the same disaster would strike both facilities.

Answer 56

The processes and individual/departmental responsibilities

Answer 57

Determine the purpose and the process or processes to focus on

Answer 58

Individuals/departments

Answer 59

Intentionally phasing out or terminating something.

Answer 60

basic data reception from one system to another without interpretation

Answer 61

more complex and depends on consistency of clinical terminology and meaning of the data

Answer 62

depends on data that is consistent and codified allowing for information system interpretation and analysis of the data. Semantic interoperability is considered the highest and most complex form of interoperability. Semantic interoperability is necessary for seamless health information exchange

Answer 63

consist of nine guides organized into three broad groups by the ONC. These guides enable healthcare organizations to address EHR safety in a variety of areas. Most organizations will want to start with the Foundational Guides, and proceed from there to address their areas of greatest interest or concern.

Answer 64

The ability to transfer, share, and utilize information from one system to another

Answer 65

Assess readiness to transition from paper to EHR or to upgrade current system. Assessment should review current procedures for data collection and clinical workflows as well as determine the knowledge base of staff members related to computers. Internet access should be assessed to ensure high-speed internet is available. Determine if the organization has enough financial capital

Answer 66

Regularly at least on a monthly basis

Answer 67

To ensure that information is not lost in the event of a system breakdown or failure

Answer 68

National Drug File- Reference Terminology is used to code medication classes such as antibiotics. Developed by the VA as a reference terminology. Standard adopted by Consolidated Health Informatics (CHI). Part of the Federal Medication Terminologies (FMT) initiative. FDA structured Product Labeling (SPL) initiative and Established pharmacologic class (EPC) concepts supported

Answer 69

Used to code specific medications such as clindamycin.

Answer 70

Before and after going live

Answer 71

Command Center

Answer 72

Provide communication, exercise control and coordinate all activities

Answer 73

As close to the "live" areas as possible with vender representatives available

Answer 74

Communication of a message 1. Encoding the message, 2. transmitting the message, and 3. decoding.

Answer 75

Encoding the message

Answer 76

Voice, radio or computer

Answer 77

Communication systems

Answer 78

Signal to noise ratio (S/N), channel capacity, and entropy

Answer 79

The maximal amount of information that can be transmitted with minimal error

Answer 80

Amount of energy, code, or bits needed for storage or communications of one symbol

Answer 81

Computers typically that have less volume than standard computers for that they take up less desk space. Due to decrease sized they have fewer expansion slots and may be shaped as cubes, books or boxes.

Answer 82

1. Novice 2. Advanced beginner 3. Competent 4. proficient. 5. expert

Answer 83

Little experience and rule-governed

Answer 84

Some experience with new situations

Answer 85

has 2 to 3 years of experience and ability to master new situations but who needs extra planning time and may lack flexibility

Answer 86

thinks holistically an relies on experience and is adaptable

Answer 87

has wealth of experience and acts intuitively

Answer 88

a fact table at center surrounded by dimensional tables composed of multiple lookup tables representing different levels of hierarchy

Answer 89

Act of copying data from a primary to a secondary location, to protect it in case of a disaster, accident or malicious action

Answer 90

is the secure electronic storage of information by a business or other organization. The goal of data warehousing is to create a trove of historical data that can be retrieved and analyzed to provide useful insight into the organization's operations.

Answer 91

the process of sorting through large data sets to identify patterns and relationships that can help solve business problems through data analysis. Data mining techniques and tools enable enterprises to predict future trends and make more-informed business decisions.

Answer 92

process of moving data that is no longer actively used to a separate storage device for long-term retention.

Answer 93

synonymous to adult education. According to Malcolm Knowles, andragogy is the art and science of adult learning, thus andragogy refers to any form of adult learning. (Kearsley, 2010).

Answer 94

1. Self-Concept 2. Adult Learner Experience 3. Readiness to Learn 4. Orientation to Learning 5. Motivation to Learn

Answer 95

As a person matures his/her self concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a self-directed human being.

Answer 96

As a person matures he/she accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning.

Answer 97

As a person matures his/her readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his/her social roles.

Answer 98

As a person matures his/her time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application. As a result his/her orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject- centeredness to one of problem centeredness.

Answer 99

As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal.

Answer 100

1. Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation of their instruction. 2. Experience (including mistakes) provides the basis for the learning activities. 3. Adults are most interested in learning subjects that have immediate relevance and impact to their job or personal life. 4. Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-oriented.

Answer 101

1. There is a need to explain the reasons specific things are being taught (e.g., certain commands, functions, operations, etc.) 2. Instruction should be task-oriented instead of promoting memorization -- learning activities should be in the context of common tasks to be performed by the others. 3. Instruction should take into account the wide range of different backgrounds of learners; learning materials and activities should allow for different levels/types of previous experience with computers. 4. Since adults are self-directed, instruction should allow learners to discover things and knowledge for themselves without depending on people. However, learners should be offered guidance and help when mistakes are made.

Answer 102

Weiner's attribution theory states that an individual's causal attributions of achievement affect subsequent behaviors and motivation. One of the primary assumptions of attribution theory is that people will interpret their environment in such a way as to maintain a positive self-image

Answer 103

evaluating a product or service by testing it with representative users. Typically, during a test, participants will try to complete typical tasks while observers watch, listen and takes notes. The goal is to identify any usability problems, collect qualitative and quantitative data and determine the participant's satisfaction with the product.

Answer 104

1. Define the purpose of the study because this is necessary in order to choose the testing method. 2. Evaluate constraints such as time, resources, and staff 3. Refine components depending on the HCI Framework 4. Determine the emphasis of testing (overall or one aspect) 5. Select testing methods, taking into account the identified constraints and evaluation of HCI

Answer 105

The process of thinking aloud is used for performing testing. When a user or a group of users utilizes the computer system during performance testing, the users verbalize their experiences, perceptions, and feelings during the activities as these comments help the informatics nurse to identify problems (as well as positive aspects) that users will encounter when using the system. The users are also observed for facial expressions, eye tracking, and general behavior.

Answer 106

User executes the wrong sequence of steps. Usually results in some type of alarm or hard stop of the program until corrected, so the error can usually be corrected fairly easily

Answer 107

Inputting data that are incompatible with the computer system

Answer 108

being unable to make a decision about the correct action or being unable to correctly interpret the outcomes data

Answer 109

a structured approach to evaluating usability of a product. It involves the tester, who is not a user, asking four simple questions about the way a specific user journey is conducted. Used in prototype testing as it helps to identify problems with usability. A thorough study is completed to outline each step in a process needed to complete a task. Users carry out the steps in the process while using "thinking aloud" procedures to describe their experiences. Users are assess for the ability to use the system and to carry out the steps. Sessions are often video or audiotaped for further evaluation, and users may be given a post-test to evaluate understanding and retention

Answer 110

Types of user acceptance testing that mainly focus on discovering the bugs from an already tested product and they give a clear picture of how the product is used by the real-time users. They also help in gaining experience with the product before its launch and valuable feedback is effectively implemented to increase the usability of the product. Goals and methods of Alpha & Beta Testing do switch between themselves based on the process followed in the project and can be tweaked to be in-line with the processes.

Answer 111

This is a form of internal acceptance testing performed mainly by the in-house software QA and testing teams. Alpha testing is the last testing done by the test teams at the development site after the acceptance testing and before releasing the software for beta test. Alpha testing can also be done by potential users or customers of the application. Still, this is a form of in-house acceptance testing.

Answer 112

This is a testing stage followed by the internal full alpha test cycle. This is the final testing phase where companies release the software to a few external user groups outside the company’s test teams or employees. This initial software version is known as the beta version. Most companies gather user feedback in this release. In short, beta testing can be defined as the testing carried out by real users in a real environment. Though companies do rigorous in-house quality assurance from dedicated test teams, it’s practically impossible to test an application for each and every combination of the test environment. Beta releases make it easier to test the application on thousands of test machines and fix the issues before releasing the application to the public.

Answer 113

Biannually and more frequently depending on changes to the system, change in order sets, changes in clinical practice or user feedback suggesting a need for modification or change.

Answer 114

To ensure accurate patient identification. Because patients may have same or similar names, the master patient index should contain the name as a well as other identifying information, such as birthdate, social security number, patient ID number, and zip code. An alert should sound if a person attempts to enter data or search for data about a patient with the same name as an existing patient.

Answer 115

Breast Imagining Reporting and Data System. Created by American College of Radiology. It is used to store and report mammography results so that the results are standardized. BI-RADS provides mammography assessment categories that range from 0 - inconclusive to 6 -proven malignancy with biopsy. BI-RADS categories breast composition: A:Fatty, B:scattered density, C:Dense, D:extremely dense.

Answer 116

If soft and hard stops are overridden frequently it may indicate that there is too much flexibility in the system, unnecessary or excessive alerts which might need to be downgraded from hard to soft.

Answer 117

a type of computer storage containing non-volatile, permanent data that, normally, can only be read, not written to. ROM contains the programming that allows a computer to start up or regenerate each time it is turned on.

Answer 118

the hardware in a computing device where the operating system (OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the device's processor. RAM is the main memory in a computer.

Answer 119

applications and many system processes always reference memory by using virtual memory addresses. Virtual memory addresses are automatically translated to real (RAM) addresses by the hardware.

Answer 120

Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data from the computer's memory more efficient. It acts as a temporary storage area that the computer's processor can retrieve data from easily. This temporary storage area, known as a cache, is more readily available to the processor than the computer's main memory source, typically some form of DRAM. Cache memory is sometimes called CPU (central processing unit) memory because it is typically integrated directly into the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU. Therefore, it is more accessible to the processor, and able to increase efficiency, because it's physically close to the processor.

Answer 121

In computing, a parallel port is a type of interface found on early computers (personal and otherwise) for connecting peripherals. The name refers to the way the data is sent; parallel ports send multiple bits of data at once (parallel communication), as opposed to serial communication, in which bits are sent one at a time. To do this, parallel ports require multiple data lines in their cables and port connectors and tend to be larger than contemporary serial ports, which only require one data line. There are many types of parallel ports, but the term has become most closely associated with the printer port or Centronics port found on most personal computers from the 1970s through the 2000

Answer 122

the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes with input from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, computer science/artificial intelligence, and anthropology. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition (in a broad sense).

Answer 123

the study of the reason behind communication disorders. Work in the field involves the use of various techniques, methods, and treatments to assist individuals with communication impairments, allowing them to communicate at a functional level in day-to-day life.

Answer 124

the science and practice dealing with the effective collection, storage, retrieval, and use of information. It is concerned with recordable information and knowledge, and the technologies and related services that facilitate their management and use.

Answer 125

any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behaviour in its social and cultural aspects. Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics.

Answer 126

a system or set of principles underlying the arrangements of elements in a computer or electronic device so as to perform a specified task.

Answer 127

the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses.

Answer 128

the ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning.

Answer 129

a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.

Answer 130

is a framework that was developed to model complex sociotechnical work systems. The framework models different types of constraints, building a model of how work could proceed within a given work system. The focus on constraints separates the technique from other approaches to analysis that aim to describe how work is actually conducted, or prescribe how it should be conducted. The CWA approach can be used to describe the constraints imposed by the purpose of a system, its functional properties, the nature of the activities that are conducted, the roles of the different actors, and their cognitive skills and strategies. Rather than offer a prescribed methodology, the CWA framework instead acts as a toolkit that can be used either individually or in combination with one another, depending upon the analysis needs. These tools are divided between phases. The exact names and scopes of these phases differ slightly dependent on the scope of the analysis; however, the overall scope remains largely the same. As defined by Vicente (1999), the CWA framework comprises five different phases; work domain analysis, control task (or activity) analysis, strategies analysis, social organisation and co-operation analysis, and worker competencies analysis.

Answer 131

evaluates the manner in which work is actually carried out by users

Answer 132

considers design restraints associated with the users

Answer 133

considers the control structure with which the user must interact

Answer 134

evaluates system functions and the information needed by users.

Answer 135

a process where experts use rules of thumb to measure the usability of user interfaces in independent walkthroughs and report issues. Evaluators use established heuristics (e.g., Nielsen-Molich's) and reveal insights that can help design teams enhance product usability from early in development.

Answer 136

1. identify the issue or problem 2. identify alternative solutions 3. choose and develop a solution 4. implement solutions 5. evaluate and adjust solution

Answer 137

1. Quality of practice 2. performance appraisal 3. education 4. collegiality 5. ethics 6. collaboration 7. research 8. resource utilization 9. communication

Answer 138

1. Examine issue in detail 2. collect as much information as possible to determine what the exact issue is that must be decided 3. comprehending and considering possible alternatives 4. hypothesize ethical arguments, compare arguments, choose one of the alternatives and act on it 5. reflect on chosen solution and consider outcomes

Answer 139

Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System II used to code for services and equipment often provided for outpatients such as ambulance, chemotherapy and durable medical treatment

Answer 140

Find: Identify a problem within the organization Organize: Identify team members with an understanding of the problem Clarify: Use brainstorming techniques to determine issues and steps in solving the problem Uncover: Analyze to determine the reason that the problem has occurred Start: Identify a starting point for the change process

Answer 141

Commonly used to help identify root causes for performance improvement because it helps to visualize the relationship of causes and effects

Answer 142

The effect or problem

Answer 143

The causes

Answer 144

S: Surroundings, suppliers, systems, and skills P: People, prices places, policies, procedures, products M: methods, materials, machines, measures, manpower

Answer 145

Input and output | Start/End

Answer 146

Direction of flow

Answer 147

Conditional decision: Yes/No or True/False

Answer 148

Connectors with diverging paths with multiple arrows coming in but only one going out

Answer 149

Cannot be upgraded easily or in some cases at all Tend to run hotter and should not be left running for long periods More difficult to repair Require more proprietary components

Answer 150

Identifies trends (patterns or variances) in patient's EHRs Trends are identified then the system utilizes decision support to guide preventative measures and development of the care plan Provides standardized plans of care that support best practices Goal is to reduce or prevent complications and promote recovery Can track patients both inpatient and outpatient

Answer 151

Communications and information system means a network of electronic communications, an information system, a registry, industrial process management system and digital information retained, processed, restored or transmitted for the purpose of their management, use, protection and maintenance.

Answer 152

Business information systems is a field of work that helps businesses improve efficiencies by using computer systems. It involves programming, networking, database management and IT governance. The business information systems field only grows as businesses become more advanced technologically.

Answer 153

1. Right number of staff 2. Right skills 3. Right Location 4. Right time 5. Right patient assignments

Answer 154

Created after completion of a timeline | Is the best type of display to use tasks associated with quality improvement projects

Answer 155

External entity(named)/ Sources of data or data destinations

Answer 156

Named with verb and object only, not including the word "process" Process used inputting and outputting data

Answer 157

Direction of data flow

Answer 158

Named and numbered but not including the word "file": Data storage

Answer 159

meeting the needs of the customers. | Encourages all staff at all levels of an organization to participate to bring about organizational change

Answer 160

refers to a set of quality-control tools that businesses can use to eliminate defects and improve processes to help boost their profits. Lean Six Sigma is a team-focused managerial approach that seeks to improve performance by eliminating waste and defects while boosting the standardization of work. Six Sigma is a management ideology that focuses on statistical improvements to a business process and advocates for qualitative measurements of success over qualitative markers. As such, Six Sigma practitioners are business people who use statistics, financial analysis, and project management to achieve improved business functionality. Six Sigma is a statistical benchmark that shows how (well) a business process works. As mentioned above, an error happens when an event occurs with six standard deviations from the mean with no more than 3.4 occurrences per million events. This means that a process is considered to be efficient if it produces less than 3.4 defects per one million chances. A defect is anything produced outside of consumer satisfaction.

Answer 161

1. A team of people, led by a Six Sigma champion, defines a faulty process on which to focus, decided through an analysis of company goals and requirements. This definition outlines the problem, goals, and deliverables for the project. 2. The team measures the initial performance of the process. These statistical measures make up a list of potential inputs, which may cause the problem and help the team understand the process's benchmark performance. 3. Then the team analyzes the process by isolating each input, or potential reason for the failure, and testing it as the root of the problem. The team uses analytics to identify the reason for process errors. 4. The team works from there to improve system performance. 5. The group adds controls to the process to ensure it does not regress and become ineffective once again.

Answer 162

Lean Six Sigma is a team-focused managerial approach that seeks to improve performance by eliminating waste and defects while boosting the standardization of work. It combines Six Sigma methods and tools and the lean manufacturing-lean enterprise philosophy, striving to reduce waste of physical resources, time, effort, and talent while assuring quality in production and organizational processes. Any use of resources that do not create value for the end customer is considered a waste and should be eliminated.

Answer 163

White belt: Individuals with a white belt have not gone through any formal training or certification. This belt gives professionals a basic framework, which allows them to take part in certain quality control and waste reduction projects. Yellow belt: This level provides additional training beyond the white belt level. Yellow belts can become contributing project team members. They may help managers who have higher belts. Green belt: Those who pass this level must take part in a complete course that trains them to come up with process improvement techniques. The green belt certification is ideal for individuals who work in certain industries, such as project or financial management, as well as health care. Graduates often become project leaders. Black belt: People who graduate from the green belt level can move up to the black belt certification. Successful graduates can break down and deal with more complex jobs and projects. They are taught how to tackle large-scale changes that can impact their companies through lean Six Sigma projects.

Answer 164

Quality improvement is a structured approach to evaluating the performance of systems and processes, then determining needed improvements in both functional and operational areas. Successful efforts rely on the routine collection and analysis of data. A quality improvement plan describes an ongoing, or continuous, process through which an organization’s stakeholders can monitor and evaluate initiatives and results.

Answer 165

Quality improvement is data driven and regards the quantitative approach as the only reliable means to influence the qualitative elements. This principle is expressed in the following saying of quality improvement guru W. Edwards Deming: “The right data in the right format in the right hands at the right time.” QI focuses on processes, not people. In other words, the individual is never at fault. QI involves people as part of the improvement solution and looks for what is attributed to Deming as “the smart cogs,” the employees who are directly involved in and best understand the processes in an organization.

Answer 166

Quality improvement aims to create efficiencies and address the needs of customers. In healthcare, the main purpose of quality improvement is to improve outcomes. In healthcare settings, quality improvement may be associated with continuous quality improvement, the method used to identify problems and implement, monitor, and provide corrective action.

Answer 167

FOCUS: Define and verify the process to be improved ANALYZE: Collect and analyze data to establish baselines, identify root causes and point toward possible solutions DEVELOP: Based on the data, develop action plans for improvement, including implementation, communication, and measuring/monitoring EXECUTE: Implement the action plans, on a pilot basis as indicated, and EVALUATE: Install an ongoing measuring/monitoring (process control) system to ensure success.

Answer 168

PLAN: Plan a change or test of how something works. DO: Carry out the plan. STUDY: Look at the results. What did you find out? ACT: Decide what actions should be taken to improve. Repeat as needed until the desired goal is achieved

Answer 169

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic, proactive method for evaluating a process to identify where and how it might fail and to assess the relative impact of different failures, in order to identify the parts of the process that are most in need of change.

Answer 170

A 12-step process that begins with describing the process in detail and developing a team that creates a flow chat listing each step in a process and then brainstorms each step to determine potential causes for failure and potential adverse outcomes, which are rated according to severity, occurrence, and detection and a risk priority number is assigned. The team then brainstorms methods to reduce potential failures and identify performance measures

Answer 171

Record and chart changes in height and weight Using CPOE for medication orders Implementing drug/drug and drug/allergy interaction checks Maintaining current problems, medication, and allergy lists Recording demographics Recording and charting changes in height, weight, BMI, and BP as well as growth charts for children Recording smoking status for patients at least 13 years Implementing one clinical decision support rule of a high priority hospital condition Providing electronic copies health information and discharge instructions on request Protecting electronic health information

Answer 172

DMADV ( Define, measure, analyze, design verify

Answer 173

DMAIC - Define, measure, analyze, improve, and control

Answer 174

Defining: Identifying project, listing and prioritizing problems, and identifying team Diagnosing: Analyzing problems through root cause analysis and formulating theories Remediating: Considering alternative solutions and implementing solutions and controls while concurrently dealing with resistance to change within the organization Holding: Evaluating performance and monitoring the control system to ensure maintenance of improvements

Answer 175

Only the patient enters information and the information may not always be accurate

Answer 176

Clinical documentation: Most commonly used patient care support system, collects patient data in real time Pharmacy Information: Allows pharmacists to order medications, dispense them, and manage them for an organization. Should include allergy information and height and weight Laboratory information: Provides information about laboratory tests such as blood tests Radiology information: Schedules procedures and provides reports. Usually includes pictures archiving and communication system (PACS)

Answer 177

An attribute

Answer 178

Data file which are collections of different related records and are also referred to as an entity

Answer 179

An Entity Relationship (ER) Diagram is a type of flowchart that illustrates how “entities” such as people, objects or concepts relate to each other within a system. ER Diagrams are most often used to design or debug relational databases in the fields of software engineering, business information systems, education and research. Also known as ERDs or ER Models, they use a defined set of symbols such as rectangles, diamonds, ovals and connecting lines to depict the interconnectedness of entities, relationships and their attributes. They mirror grammatical structure, with entities as nouns and relationships as verbs.

Answer 180

Regression testing to ensure that errors in the new code do not interfere with functioning

Answer 181

To ensure that functions available in the older version of the software are still viable with the new version. A test bucket ( a series of test cases) are run utilizing the new version of software and then evaluate to ensure that the new program performed correctly.

Answer 182

a software testing practice that ensures an application still functions as expected after any code changes, updates, or improvements. Regression testing is responsible for the overall stability and functionality of the existing features.

Answer 183

is performed to determine a system's behavior under both normal and anticipated peak load conditions. It helps to identify the maximum operating capacity of an application as well as any bottlenecks and determine which element is causing degradation.

Answer 184

a type of load testing that measures the application's ability to scale up or down as a reaction to an increase in the number of users. In other words, it tests how the system is going to perform during a sudden spike or fall of user request loads.

Answer 185

To determine goal/product to be completed in each phase of the project. The goal/project must be approved at the end of the phase and then the team moves on the next phase. Projects vary somewhat, but they are temporary by nature and time-limited, so the phases should be carefully planned so that every phase is completed by the target completion date

Answer 186

The balanced scorecard (BSC) is a strategic planning and management system. Organizations use BSCs to: Communicate what they are trying to accomplish Align the day-to-day work that everyone is doing with strategy Prioritize projects, products, and services Measure and monitor progress towards strategic targets The name “balanced scorecard” comes from the idea of looking at strategic measures in addition to traditional financial measures to get a more “balanced” view of performance. The concept of balanced scorecard has evolved beyond the simple use of perspectives and it is now a holistic system for managing strategy. A key benefit of using a disciplined framework is that it gives organizations a way to “connect the dots” between the various components of strategic planning and management, meaning that there will be a visible connection between the projects and programs that people are working on, the measurements being used to track success (KPIs), the strategic objectives the organization is trying to accomplish, and the mission, vision, and strategy of the organization.

Answer 187

The organizational strategic plan and tied to the mission and vision statements to how the goals and objectives are being met. Measures may include information about patients (numbers, satisfaction, length of stay), financial data ( cost-benefit analysis, return on investment), clinical outcomes (infections, complications, utilization), education (in-service, continuing education), community (needs), and growth (new programs)

Answer 188

Nursing is defined as an interpersonal, therapeutic process that takes place when professionals, specifically educated to be nurses, engage in therapeutic relationships with people who are in need of health services. Peplau theorized that nurse-patient relationships must pass through three phases in order to be successful: (a) orientation, (b) working, and (c) termination.

Answer 189

suggests that the most productive state for a system is the 'edge of chaos' where there is maximum variety and creativity. Based on these properties it could be argued that complex adaptive systems are all around us, or that we are part of multiple complex adaptive systems.

Answer 190

Expect reciprocal changes to occur between the user and the system. Thus the user changes elements of the system depending on the type of use, and the system in turn changes the behavior of the user. Adaptive systems tend to be dynamic rather static and are able to adjust to changes to avoid chaos. Adaptive system generally value effectiveness over efficiency.

Answer 191

Favorite: Blue, green, and purple | Least favorite: Gray, orange and brown

Answer 192

Favorite: Blue, green, black | Least favorite: orange, brown and purple

Answer 193

a database is generally focuses on one type of information such as all dictionaries, all biographical information, all user manuals or all encyclopedias. May also provide reference for different types of information, such as a the reference indices utilized by libraries, so a reference database may be a good place to begin a search for specific types of information. A search can provide an extensive list of sources, such as articles about a specific topic

Answer 194

1. Discontinue all access so that no one is able to input data or retrieve data. Including securing mobile devices and workstations. 2. Files must be securely erased so that they cannot be retrieved and storage devices destroyed. 3. Decommissioned systems, including all decommissioned equipment, should be clearly labeled, securely stored, and any configuration settings removed. Keep a checklist and careful records is especially important during decommissioning.

Answer 195

also referred to as system-level tests or system-integration testing, is the process in which a quality assurance (QA) team evaluates how the various components of an application interact together in the full, integrated system or application.

Answer 196

a software testing method which deliberately introduces errors to a system to ensure it can withstand and recover from error conditions. Fault injection testing is typically carried out prior to deployment to uncover any potential faults that may have been introduced during production

Answer 197

Volume Testing is a type of Software Testing, where the software is subjected to a huge volume of data. It is also referred to as flood testing. Volume testing is done to analyze the system performance by increasing the volume of data in the database. With the help of Volume testing, the impact on response time and system behavior can be studied when exposed to a high volume of data.

Answer 198

a system is a complex of interacting elements and that they are open to, and interact with their environments. In addition, they can acquire qualitatively new properties through emergence, thus they are in a continual evolution. Systems theory postulates that the entire system must be viewed holistically rather than concerting on components of the systems because the interrelationships among different elements of the system must be understood

Answer 199

1. Input: This is what goes into a system in terms of energy materials 2. Throughput: These are the actions that take place in order to transform input. 3. Output: This is the result of the interrelationship between input and processes 4. Evaluation: Monitoring success or failure 5. Feedback: This is information that results from the process and can be used to evaluate the end result

Answer 200

``` Nursing informatics (NI) is a specialty that integrates nursing science with multiple information and analytical sciences to identify, define, manage, and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice. NI supports nurses, consumers, patients, the interprofessional healthcare team, and other stakeholders in their decision-making in all roles and settings to achieve desired outcomes. This support is accomplished through the use of information structures, information processes, and information technology.” ```

Answer 201

* Unique body of knowledge, preparation, and experience that aligns with the nursing profession * Involves the synthesis of data and information into knowledge and wisdom * Supports decision-making of healthcare consumers, nurses, and other professionals to achieve healthcare consumer safety and advocacy * Supports data analytics, including quality of care measures, to improve population health outcomes and global health * Promotes data integrity and the access and exchange of health data for all consumers of health information * Supports national and international agendas on interoperability and the efficient and effective transfer and delivery of data, information, and knowledge * Ensures that collaboration is an integral characteristic of practice * Interleaves user experience and computer-human interaction concepts throughout practice * Incorporates key ethical concerns of NI such as advocacy, privacy, and assurance of the confidentiality and security of data and information * Considers the impact of technological changes on patient safety, healthcare delivery, quality reporting, and the nursing process * Leads in the design and promotion of useful, innovative information technologies that advance practice and achieve desired outcomes

Answer 202

Beginning Nurse Experienced Nurse Informatics Nurse Specialist Innovator

Answer 203

Analyze data, information, and IS requirements via life cycle, other tools, and processes Design, develop, select, evaluate IT, data structures, and decision-support mechanisms into an integrated IS Facilitate creation of nursing knowledge

Answer 204

* Administration, leadership, and management * Systems analysis and design * Compliance and integrity management * Consultation * Coordination, facilitation, and integration * Development * Educational and professional development * Genetics and Genomics * Information management / operational architecture * Policy development and advocacy * Quality and performance improvement * Research and evaluation * Safety and security * Environmental health

Answer 205

* Project manager * Decision support/outcomes manager * Educator * Product developer * Systems analyst * Consultant * Programmer * Advocate/policy developer * Web developer * CIO, CNIO * Entrepreneur * Researcher * Sales and marketing * Consumer advocate

Answer 206

1. Evaluates quality and effectiveness of NI practice 2. Performance appraisal 3. Maintains knowledge and NI competency — life-long learning 4. Contributes to professional development of others 5. Bases decisions and actions on ethical principles 6. Collaborates with others 7. Contributes to body of informatics research 8. 16 Standards are highlighted with measurement criteria

Answer 207

1: Assessment 2. Diagnosis, Problems, & Issues Identification 3. Outcomes Identification 4. Planning 5. Implementation 6. Evaluation 7. Ethics 8. Education 9. Evidenced-Based Practice and Research 10. Quality of Practice 11. Communication 12. Leadership 13. Collaboration 14. Professional Practice Evaluation 15. Resource Utilization 16. Environmental Health

Answer 208

* A problem-solving approach to clinical decision-making within a healthcare organization * Integrates best available scientific evidence with best available experience * Uses research and non-research evidence

Answer 209

* Literature searches * Clinical practice guidelines * Clinical protocols

Answer 210

``` Model to support EBP P:Population/condition I:Intervention C: Comparator O: Outcome T: Type of study ```

Answer 211

* Performance goal-setting * Continuing education * Competency development * Evaluation methodologies

Answer 212

* Publish, edit newsletter * Review conference papers * Create online courses * Conduct research * Consider advanced education via academic, certificate, online programs

Answer 213

Input Output Processing Storage

Answer 214

* Artificial intelligence * Graphics and visualization * Computer networks and systems * Database and knowledge management * Algorithms and computation theory * Communications and signal processing * Microelectronics, photonics and optical communications

Answer 215

the science and practice dealing with the effective collection, storage, retrieval, and use of information. It is concerned with recordable information and knowledge, and the technologies and related services that facilitate their management and use

Answer 216

Discrete entities that are described objectively without interpretation

Answer 217

Data that have been interpreted, organized or structured

Answer 218

Information that is synthesized so that relationships are identified and formalized

Answer 219

The appropriate use of knowledge to manage and solve human problems. It consists of knowing when and how to apply knowledge to deal with complex problems or specific human needs

Answer 220

The ethical application of knowledge acquired through education, research, and practice to provide services and interventions to patients in order to maintain, enhance, or restore their health; to advocate for health, and to acquire, process, generate, and disseminate nursing knowledge to advance the nursing profession.”

Answer 221

* Much of learning cannot be observed or predicted, in that the individual is processing information based on experience, associations and subjective interpretation * Cognitive processes influence learning

Answer 222

* Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom (DIKW) * Organizational Behavior * Communication * Systems * Learning Styles * Change Management

Answer 223

Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations Uses a system perspective – Hawthorne experiment – Motivational theory

Answer 224

``` Shannon-Weaver Model Concepts (1949) – Source: Sender – Transmitter: Encoder – Channel (Noise/Interference) – Receptor: Decoder – Endpoint: Receiver – Continual feedback loop ```

Answer 225

``` – System – Environment – Input – Output – Feedback • Closed versus open systems • Communication – Information and feedback • Life and tension – Life is about disequilibrium; stress creates higher life ```

Answer 226

``` Assumptions – Self-concept – Experience – Readiness to learn – Time perspective – Orientation toward learning ```

Answer 227

Unfreezing, Movement, Refreezing Driving and restraining forces (force field analysis)

Answer 228

* Aimed at prevention of tragedy * Does not require previous bad experience or close call * Makes system more robust

Answer 229

* Funded by Robert Wood Johnson Foundation * Goal is tackling the task of preparing nurses to enhance “the quality and safety of the healthcare systems in which they work”

Answer 230

``` Techniques include: – Cause and effect diagrams – Flow charts – Histograms – Pareto charts – Run charts – Control charts – Scatter diagrams ```

Answer 231

• “To trigger giant leaps forward in the safety, quality and affordability of health care by: – Supporting informed health care decisions by those who use and pay for health care; and, – Promoting high-value health care through incentives and rewards”

Answer 232

• “Meaningful use is using certified electronic health record (EHR) technology to: – Improve quality, safety, efficiency, and reduce health disparities – Engage patients and family – Improve care coordination, and population and public health”

Answer 233

“A group of health care providers who give coordinated care, chronic disease management, and thereby improve the quality of care patients get.” “The organization’s payment is tied to achieving health care quality goals and outcomes that result in cost savings.”

Answer 234

1. System Planning 2. System Analysis 3. System Design 4. System and Functional Testing 5. Education of multidisciplinary stakeholders 6. system implementation 7. System evaluation, maintenance and support

Answer 235

``` • Include end users and stakeholders • Realistic, achievable goals • Perform a needs assessment – What can we do now? – What should we aim for in the future? • Compare available products – Vendors – Benefits ```

Answer 236

1. Identify a Project Manager 2. Establish a project vision & outcome 3. Determine preliminary resource list • Other departments • Space • Financial • Equipment • Events 4. Establish goals and timeline 5. Track discussions, decisions, goals 6. Outline the project • Gap analysis • System requirements • Determine scope • Reassess with new information

Answer 237

People, equipment, and space Maintenance and Support Funding

Answer 238

``` • Time constraints • Budget constraints • Space constraints • People constraints • System limitations – Best of breed – Enterprise solutions – Home grown • Communication – With plan participants – With end users – With organizational stakeholders ```

Answer 239

``` 1. Involve end users – Workflow impacts – Encourage adoption – Identify gaps – How much training? 2. Equipment assessment – Barcode scanning – Real-time location tracking (RTLS) ```

Answer 240

``` • Benefits – Initial cost – Return on investment (ROI) – Efficiency – Safety improvements • Maintenance and Support – Warranties – Liabilities – Replacement frequency – Up time/patches – Turnaround time ```

Answer 241

``` See product in action •Observe workflow •Talk to the users Discuss with educators Ask about support needs Track events through departments •Medication process •Lab process ```

Answer 242

``` • New Equipment – Network – Outlets – Provisioning – Barcodes on badges? – Space • New Software – Transfer of information – HIPAA and security ```

Answer 243

``` • Equipment – Current needs – Plan for obsolescence • Support – Ongoing costs – Who provides it? • Define Responsibilities – Hospital – Hospital system – Vendor ```

Answer 244

``` • Financial impact – New equipment – Space for new equipment – Infrastructure upgrades – Parallel projects? ```

Answer 245

``` • New tools means new flow • Technology supports the workflow • Reengineer workflow to the system – Assess impact – Minimize interference – Enhance patient care – Improve efficiency • Enhances positive, efficient processes • Illuminates inefficient processes – Opportunity to reengineer • Minimum number of hands on the data • Reduce duplication • What moves from manual to automated? • What stays on paper? ```

Answer 246

``` • Telecommunication circuits • Fail over – View only • Backups – Off site • Downtime policies • Continual system monitoring ```

Answer 247

``` • Security levels • Username and password • Barcode scan and password • Biometrics • Encryption • Cookies • Communication – E-mail ```

Answer 248

Data standards encompasses methods, protocols, terminologies, and specifications for the collection, exchange, storage, and retrieval of information associated with health care applications, including medical records, medications, radiological images, payment and reimbursement, medical devices and monitoring systems, and administrative processes.

Answer 249

standard formats for electronically encoding data elements

Answer 250

the medical terms and concepts used to describe, classify, and code the data elements and data expression languages and syntax that describe the relationships among the terms/concepts

Answer 251

* Help us to decide what to collect * Help us to represent what is collected (terminologies) * Help us to determine how to encode the data for transmission

Answer 252

``` ....metadata is data about data. • Tags • Keywords • Examples: – mp3 file contains metadata that describes the length of the song, the artist, the album, etc. – Word document contains metadata like last time modified, length, author, etc. ```

Answer 253

* Nomenclatures, Vocabularies * Classifications * Taxonomies * Standardized Terminologies

Answer 254

``` • Clinical Care Classification (CCC) • Omaha System • Patient Care Data Set (PCDS) — retired • Perioperative Nursing Dataset (PNDS) • SNOMED CT • Nursing Minimum Data Set (NMDS) & NMMDS • International Classification for Nursing (ICNP) • ABC codes • LOINC • NANDA, NIC, NOC • CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) • ICD (International Classification of Diseases) • ICD-9 mapping to SNOMED CT® available • Nursing Problem List subset in SNOMED ```

Answer 255

``` HL7 HITSP ISO ASTM IEEE ```

Answer 256

is a standard for the integration of healthcare clinical data: – Defines data and elements – Data codes are specified – Can be modified to support other applications – Length of fields are specified – How information is “packaged” in a standard way to be sent and received from other systems

Answer 257

organized into tables and have “relationships” to one another.

Answer 258

* One of the great challenges! | * Definition: combining data that resides in different “places” into 1 unified view

Answer 259

– Large collection of data imported from several different systems within 1 database – Smaller collections of data = data marts – Data marts can be developed for a single department or group of departments

Answer 260

the process of moving data that is no longer actively used to a separate data storage device for long-term retention. Data archives consist of older data that is still important and necessary for future reference, as well as data that must be retained for regulatory compliance

Answer 261

Data archiving = protects older information not needed for everyday operations. Data backup = copies of data, used to restore data in the case of corruption or disaster

Answer 262

– Redundancy of data is key for data recovery during/after a disaster – May have off-site back-up data center – Must have solid communication plan during disaster and recovery – IT disaster plan should be part of the overall organizational disaster plan

Answer 263

the process of converting data or information from one format to another, usually from the format of a source system into the required format of a new destination system

Answer 264

* Analyzes relationships and patterns in the data * Applies statistics once relationships surface * Uses visualization to “tell a story” (analytics)

Answer 265

* Alphanumeric * Imaging (i.e., PACS) * Video * Graphical * Audio

Answer 266

``` • Clinical devices – Smartpumps – Physiologic monitors (BP, vents, invasive) – Blood glucose monitor – Mobile devices (tablet, laptop, WOW) – Handheld (Smartphone, BCMA - bar code medication administration, scanner) – Auto dispensing cabinets (i.e., Pyxis) ```

Answer 267

Networks Storage Servers Cabling

Answer 268

Chronological sets of data elements

Answer 269

Appropriate use of knowledge to manage and solve human problems

Answer 270

Identify, manage, define and communicate outcomes

Answer 271

Data, Information, Knowledge and wisdom

Answer 272

Multiple related data elements

Answer 273

``` Information and privacy Access Accountability Legitimate infringement Openness Security ```

Answer 274

Data security and misuse Digital signatures Confidentiality

Answer 275

How changes at the start of a process can lead to many intended and unintended differences in outcomes

Answer 276

Extent in which a user understands or perceives the change to be an improvement over the current process or system

Answer 277

suggests that patients living with chronic illnesses and collaborating nurses can use HIT to support the relationships among patients' behaviors (self-management), patients' unique characteristics and context (health force), and patients' individual goals

Answer 278

Awareness and frequent updates through communication Partnership with stakeholders by collaboration Standardized processes through change management Adoption with education

Answer 279

F: Findable, A:Accesible, I: Interoperable, R:Resuable make data more valuable as it is easier to find through unique identifiers and easier to combine and integrate thanks to the formal shared knowledge representation.

Answer 280

MACRA - Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015

Answer 281

Patient demographic information, medical history, health problems Support provider order entry be able to report quality data able to share and receive this information electronically

Answer 282

The use of specific application programming interface (API) requirements for developers and in return developers gain access to Medicare data for 4 years

Answer 283

A process that one can file, store, manipulate and report data for various uses

Answer 284

Changing nurse practice roles evolving informatics competencies for nurses rapid technology development evolution, regulatory and quality standard changes innovation in care delivery models

Answer 285

The synthesis of data and information into knowledge and wisdom

Answer 286

The identification of an opportunity for which technology may have a solution

Answer 287

Technical Economic Operational

Answer 288

Should we build it? | Does the return on investment justify the cost?

Answer 289

Addresses lengthy time frame of a project by dividing it up into subprojects

Answer 290

There is no single point of failure

Answer 291

What software will reside on what hardware

Answer 292

Considers physical, architecture and program requirements so that they can be addressed during the project

Answer 293

An Algorithm and key to transform the data

Answer 294

A set of instructions that controls both the transfer of the data across the internet and the appearance of the data on the receiving end

Answer 295

Include data from multidisciplinary providers and is important for ongoing care between sites and levels of care

Answer 296

Standard protocol used by smartphones and tablets to connect to the internet

Answer 297

1. Data is Processed 2. Information is processed 3. Knowledge is processed

Answer 298

Is continued education supported? Does the facility provide salaries and benefits which are competitive? Is there a safe working environment provided for the staff? Does the facility should provide the employees with an opportunity to advance within the business? Does the facility listen to employee complaints?

Answer 299

``` Interoperability standards Work-flow redesign Data security Quality measurement User design ```

Answer 300

1. Administrative 2. Physical 3. Technical

Answer 301

``` Patient self-management Patient care delivery Patient care management Patient care support processes Financial and other administrative processes ```

Answer 302

``` Audit Log Integrity Authentication CDS Clinical Summaries ```

Answer 303

Teaching and Learning. | There must be a teacher and a learner

Answer 304

Privacy Linking of patient data Access Security

Answer 305

The R-ADT records the insurance information, demographics, and tracks their admissions or scheduled visits. It is a fundamental system that is needed to register patients

Answer 306

The software directs the hardware. The server is a type of computer that allows the sharing of information resources across a network. A specialty software performs specialized functions.

Answer 307

1. disclosure to a health care provider to be used for treatment 2. disclosure to an individual whom the information is about 3. disclosure for an authorization 4. disclosure to a HHS investigation 5. disclosure required by law 6. disclosure required for compliance with HIPAA.

Answer 308

This system can validate insurance coverage, manage prior authorizations and in the future it is thought that this system will be able to actually process electronic claim attachments.

Answer 309

receive charges and then generates claims. Determine the co-payment requirement for the patients. Determines the potential deductible amounts Check clam statuses for patients

Answer 310

organization would include such things as manipulation of the space and material, organizing the content from simple to complex, and determining the priority of the material. Organizing material helps to lessen the obstacles of learning.

Answer 311

Retraction would be considered when a document is removed from standard view with the electronic health record (EHR) and posted to another within the EDMS. This wouldn’t be part of the designated record set.

Answer 312

``` Customer Focus Leadership Involvement of People Processes Approach System Approach Continual Improvement Factual Approach to Decision-Making Mutual Beneficial Supplier Relationship. ```

Answer 313

Implementation

Answer 314

Health Teaching and Health Promotion and Education

Answer 315

Consultation

Answer 316

Define the problem, collect data, identify possible causal factors, identify the root cause or causes, and recommend and implement solutions.

Answer 317

It is pleasant to use It is easy to use It decreases errors that once the system is learned by a person, it is easy for them to go back to it after a period of time

Answer 318

Nursing data Information Knowledge to facilitate the management Communication of the information

Answer 319

``` Approach Evaluation strategy Training needs Resources Budget Costs Philosophy Schedule ```

Answer 320

Lack of detail Uncertainty and contribution to nursing Inexperience

Answer 321

Gathering and analyzing data Understanding the current process that is being used Framing the process the designing of the new process would be included.

Answer 322

The analysis of the data. The scope and goals are identified. The implementation Scanning of the internal and external environments Identifying potential solutions Identifying ongoing evaluation and feedback

Answer 323

A leave taker is a person that will leave the facility to avoid accepting the changes. In some cases, this may be considered good, but not if too many leave

Answer 324

``` Agility Systems perspective Management by fact Voluntary leadership Patient-focused excellence Organizational and personal learning Focus on results and creating value Social responsibility and community health Managing for innovation Focus on the future Valuing staff and partners ```

Answer 325

Megastructures Tools Concepts Sciences

Answer 326

secondary data is considered aggregate data. | This is data that is about groups of patients, but doesn't identify the patients.

Answer 327

Evidence-based healthcare Ability to check the accuracy of their records Knowledge of who has access to their data One location for all healthcare data Individualized treatment anywhere the computer-based patient record is available.

Answer 328

The first step in planning for disaster recovery is to conduct a business impact analysis. This involves assessing every system and application in use to determine its impact on business if the system or application were to fail or go down.

Answer 329

The individuals that have the most responsibility for completing a project would be considered stakeholders. The stakeholders have the most influence in the systems designs and are typically the most impacted by the implementation of the design.

Answer 330

Data gathering Information use Generation of new knowledge Creative application of knowledge to clinical practice

Answer 331

knowledge used, knowledge builder, data gather, and information user.

Answer 332

``` Hazard and safety practices Financial records Pharmacy transactions demographic information required reports ```

Answer 333

``` Diagnosis Treatment Laboratory reports care plans physician orders consents ```

Answer 334

Data used for training and research

Answer 335

Compares data such as for benchmarking

Answer 336

the readiness with which one can selectively switch between mental processes to generate appropriate behavioral responses, develops in a protracted manner and is compromised in several prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders Focuses on the individual's ability to construct knowledge. Information should be contextual and avoid oversimplification Knowledge should be built rather than transferred Instructional sources should be interconnected rather than independent

Answer 337

Eliminate handwritten orders as inability to properly read handwritten orders and incompleteness of and errors in handwritten orders may result in medication errors

Answer 338

Lewin's theory proposes that individuals and groups of individuals are influenced by restraining forces, or obstacles that counter driving forces aimed at keeping the status quo, and driving forces, or positive forces for change that push in the direction that causes change to happen Lewin suggests that it is crucial to balance these forces through effective change communication and employee involvement, by providing employee training to bridge the skill gap. Change agents must implement stress management techniques, ensure compliance is met, and use convincing change reasoning.

Answer 339

The first stage in Lewin’s model deals with perception management and aims to prepare the affected stakeholders for the upcoming organizational change. Change leaders must look at ways to improve the company’s preparedness for change and create a sense of urgency similar to Kotter’s change model. During this stage, effective change communication plays a vital role in getting the desired team member buy-in and support of the people in the change management. The following activities under the ‘unfreeze’ stage will help you embrace change better: Conduct a needs analysis by surveying your organization to understand the current loopholes in the business processes Obtain organizational buy-in Create a strategic change vision and change strategy Communicate in a compelling way about why change has to occur Address employee concerns with honesty and transparency

Answer 340

Once the status quo is disrupted, this stage deals with the implementation of change. In this stage, you must consider an agile and iterative approach that incorporates employee feedback to smoothen the transition. You can further look at the following actionable items to keep uncertainty at bay: Ensure a continuous flow of information to obtain the support of your team members Organize change management workshops and sessions for change management exercises Empower employees to deal with the change proactively Generate easy wins as visible results will motivate your team

Answer 341

Employees move away from the transition phase towards stabilization or acceptance in the final’ refreezing’ stage. However, if change leaders fail to strengthen the change by reinforcing it into org culture, employees might revert to previous behaviors. The following activities will help you support the change: Identify and reward early adopters and change champions Collect employee feedback regularly Offer on-demand employee training and support

Answer 342

``` Deal with resistance provide reassurance determine the needs for change Promoting the need for change Ensuring managerial support ```

Answer 343

Communicating Answering Questions Dispelling rumors Encouraging involvement

Answer 344

Developing methods to sustain change | Provide feedback and adaption to changes

Answer 345

is a strategic planning and strategic management technique used to help a person or organization identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to business competition or project planning. It is sometimes called situational assessment or situational analysis

Answer 346

``` Programs, Services Staff-Patient Ratio Strong administration EHR Implementation Marketing ```

Answer 347

``` Usability issues Declining admissions Financial instability Increasing costs Outdated equipment ```

Answer 348

``` Increased population HMO opportunities New programs New markets Stakeholders ```

Answer 349

``` Low reimbursement regulations/laws Competition Political Changes Costly Requirements ```

Answer 350

Refers to determining the correct meaning or sense of a word | This problem must be automated in a EHR with CDS

Answer 351

Patient: The individual to whom the datum applies Parameter: Specific item being reported, such as temp, weight, glucose Value: Relates specifically to the parameter such as temp which may be assigned a value of 37 degrees C Time: Time the datum was collect/observed Method: The manner in which the observation/collection was made (such as with BP cuff or blood draw)

Answer 352

The System Improvement Process is derived from the natural way people go about solving problems. They intuitively apply these four steps: The process of solving any kind of problem consists of first noticing the problem, then understanding the problem, then deciding what to do, and then doing it.

Answer 353

Change resistance: Many people actively resist any change and view changes as threatening Proper coupling: The staff is coupled with the organization, but the coupling may not have adequate feedback or support to sustain itself Model drift: The organizational management may not be able to keep up with the needs to the point that has drifted so much it no longer functions well

Answer 354

Gerbner's model consists of a verbal aspect, where someone observes an event and gives feedback about the situation, and a schematic model where someone perceives an event and sends messages to the sender. George Gerbner is considered a pioneer in the field of communication research.

Answer 355

In the perceptual dimension, E is an event or situation in life that is perceived by M (human or machine). The event or situation that is observed becomes E1 in this model. E1 is only part of the event or situation because the observer is M, who has perceived it within the context of his personality, mood, attitude, culture and other factors. This is known as the perceptual dimension. Three factors are important in the perceptual dimension: selection, context and availability. Selection is important because observer M only extracts the interesting content from the situation and filters the rest. The way in which E is perceived is thus determined by the above factors. This is comparable to the Berlo SMCR communication model. This model draws attention to how attitudes, knowledge, skills, culture and social position affect the encoding and decoding of messages. In Berlo’s model, E would be the transmitter (S).

Answer 356

In this dimension, E2 is the new event content drawn by M. M becomes the source and can send the message about E to someone. M creates statements and signals about the message (S), which is referred to by Gerbner as SE2. The channels and resources used for this have been determined by M. The process can be expanded by adding new receivers (M2, M3, M4, etc.) that have new perceptions (SE2, SE3, SE4, etc.) about observed events.

Answer 357

Greater investment of time, effort and/or resources to carry out a process such as retrieving data

Answer 358

Based on the metaphor of sand, so a system with coarse granularity has data in larger entities (components) while a system with fine granularity has the same entities subdivided. Course granularity all identifying information (name, birthdate, ID) maybe contained in one field, but with fine granularity each item is contained in a separate field

Answer 359

Social engineering technique Perpetrator attempts to obtain another person's information, such as username and password, through email by pretending to be an authorized individual Emails may contain infected downloads or links to malware, fake websites that are replicas of real websites May sometime involve instant messaging

Answer 360

Primarily subjective because the user must judge whether or not the data/information is relevant for the user's purposes.

Answer 361

factual and unbiased and therefore can be proven

Answer 362

can be used by a variety of users for a number of different purposes

Answer 363

can be proven through the research to be accurate

Answer 364

is available when needed

Answer 365

Contains all the information needed

Answer 366

Clean data from a trusted source, such as juried journal

Answer 367

The ability to provide the correct information to the correct user at the correct time

Answer 368

The ability of users to apply intellectual reasoning to reach a goal while the tools that produced the information disappear

Answer 369

the level of difficulty in accessing information for a particular purpose

Answer 370

refers to the ability to produce the same information at another time

Answer 371

Determining how healthcare should allocated Telling the truth Maintaining confidentiality, privacy and fidelity Ensuring informed consent

Answer 372

determining who should or should not carry out actions

Answer 373

establishing procedures to be followed

Answer 374

Processor: Contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit Memory: storage for both data and operating instructions Input/output

Answer 375

Arithmetic-logic unit: necessary to carry out operations related to both arithmetic and logic Cache memory: fast memory that holds data memory that is being used Control unit: controls operations of all other parts of the computer and allows other computer components to respond to instructions

Answer 376

``` Word processing Spreadsheets email desktop publishing Presentation application ```

Answer 377

Music recording applications | graphic, music, sound and video programs

Answer 378

Internet browsers instant messaging conferencing

Answer 379

interactivity based on the internet allow users to manipulate data and comment Users can generate and edit websites using any browser

Answer 380

Focuses on understanding how the brain functions in order to develop computer processes Applies knowledge gained from studying the human brain to computer applications, focusing on such factors as memory, thinking/reasoning, and learning

Answer 381

Describing tasks in terms of needed inputs and expected outputs during the process of interface design This analysis generates information needed to create a timeline and flow chart for development Utilizes interview and questionnaires to identify specific tasks and their frequency Examines the knowledge needed and how that can be represented

Answer 382

Used for highly complex work situations | Includes analysis of work domain, control tasks, strategies, social-organizational and worker competencies

Answer 383

To consider how constraints, both natural and artificial, affect design

Answer 384

Conducted as the best technique for assessing the value of a newly developed point of care electronic device that the nursing staff has proposed for use. The field study will use the device in a limited manner, such as on one unit, to evaluate its effectiveness in terms of function and usability and to assess the value in terms of improved patient care and patient outcomes. Some cases vendors may provide devices free of charge for field studies so that an organization can determine whether the device is appropriate without undue investment

Answer 385

1. Problem classification scheme 2. Intervention scheme 3. Problem rating scale for outcomes

Answer 386

1. Teaching, guiding, counseling 2. Treatments and procedures 3. Case management 4. Surveillance

Answer 387

Seating must be cushioned with a rounded front rather than a sharp line to prevent pressure on the back legs. User's truck must be perpendicular or slightly leaning backwards into the back support but should be learning forward as this may cause back strain Forearms, wrists, and hands should be in a straight line, parallel to the keyboard, and the feet must be flat on the floor

Answer 388

A focus and judgement

Answer 389

action and target

Answer 390

Provides a basic reference terminology model for nursing statements

Answer 391

Nursing science: the study of nursing and how it relates to human health, including the application of nursing models and theories Information science: the study of the application and usage of information and knowledge and the interactions between information and users and organizations Computer science: the study of theories and methods related to the use and design of the computer and software to process information

Answer 392

typology that attempts to classify the different sources from which knowledge and beliefs in professional practice (originally specifically nursing) can be or have been derived The emphasis on different ways of knowing is presented as a tool for generating clearer and more complete thinking and learning about experiences, and broader self-integration of classroom education. As such it helped crystallize Johns' (1995) framework for reflective investigation to develop reflective practice.[4] The typology has been seen as leading a reaction against over-emphasis on just empirically derived knowledge, so called "scientific nursing", by emphasising that attitudes and actions that are perhaps more personal and more intuitive are centrally important too, and equally fit for discussion.[5][6]

Answer 393

1. Empirics: Focuses on empirical knowledge (Facts, theories, laws) and the science of nursing 2. Aesthetics: Focuses on access to multicultural practices and beliefs and knowledge gained through subjective means 3. Personal: Focuses on clinical experience an reactions and the interactions occurring between patient and nurse 4. Ethics/Moral knowledge: Focuses on access to ethical standards and experts as well as application of ethical codes to real situations

Answer 394

Lewin's force field analysis is used to distinguish which factors within a situation or organisation drive a person towards or away from a desired state, and which oppose the driving forces. These can be analysed in order to inform decisions that will make change more acceptable

Answer 395

Things that promote change

Answer 396

Interfering with change | Examples: outdated equipment, resistance, financial instability

Answer 397

``` Listing proposed change brainstorming opposing (driving and restraining) forces developing a plan to deal with restraining forces ```

Answer 398

1. Autonomy: Allowing staff to utilize their own ideas 2. Salary: compensation that is fair and equitable 3. Recognition: certification, continuing education credit 4. respect: Listening, paying attention, acknowledging

Answer 399

Include every step, regardless of how minor it is, in order to determine if the users can understand the steps and follow them

Answer 400

Query the state BON to determine rules and regulations and what an approved course must contain and how many contact hours are needed

Answer 401

1. Patient: Obtained from patient health record, includes clinical data, care, outcomes 2. Healthcare provider: obtained from data banks, patient health care records, and personnel records, includes decision-making and provision of care 3. Administrative: Obtained from administrative, financial, and regulatory data, includes administrative data, system outcomes, and management procedures 4. Research: obtained from clinical records and relational databases, includes best practices, knowledge base.

Answer 402

litigation, disability, turnover, decreased productivity, regulatory fines for failure to comply, increased costs resulting from patient care errors

Answer 403

Low morale, impaired organization reputation, and increased disruptive staff behavior

Answer 404

Balancing provision of care with cost-effectiveness

Answer 405

The Job Characteristics Model states that these characteristics influence outcomes of motivation, satisfaction and performance

Answer 406

1. skill variety, 2. task identity, 3. task significant, 4. autonomy 5. feedback.

Answer 407

An organizational theory that states that management approaches should vary according to the needs and environment No single method of organization and managing a company or organization is better than any other but is contingent on a number of different factors such as the size of the organization, the education of the workforce, technology, and resources. The leadership style utilized should reflect needs rather than ideology

Answer 408

1. Defining 2. Diagnosing 3. Remediating 4. holding

Answer 409

1. Quality planning: identifying and assessing needs of internal and external customers and determining how to meet those needs and designing the processes needed to do so. 2. Quality Control: choosing controls and measures, interpreting results, and taking corrective action 3. Quality improvement: Identifying needs, organizing, assessing for problems and causes, and providing solutions

Answer 410

PDCA Combination creates a 9 step process because FOCUS is not complete by itself FOCUS does not include the steps necessary to find solutions to the problems so PDCA a method of continuous quality improvement helps to solve specific problems

Answer 411

KNowledge, skills and attitudes in order to continuously improve both the quality and safety of the work environment

Answer 412

Goal of nursing is to assist patients and help them provide self-care Achieved through 3 steps - Identify the reason that the patient needs care - establish a plan of care - manager care of the patient

Answer 413

Data stored in one provider's cloud service must be moved back to the organization's site and unmodified before the data can be transmitted to another cloud service. This lack of interoperability (prevents easy transfer of information from one vendor to another) is a problem not only with cloud services, but also with many EHRs May occur because of the use of proprietary technology, inadequate contractual agreements, or inadequate processes

Answer 414

Complete a financial status review to determine if the organization has the financial means to obtain the CIS. Policies, controls, and infrastructure needs should be considered as well An assessment of computer literacy and needs for training may also be done as part of preliminary planning

Answer 415

Usually done after the introduction of new software or other changes to determine if "regressions" or errors occur.

Answer 416

tests to determine whether the introduction of new software has the effect intended. Often done when a new version of software is issues

Answer 417

manipulating a relationship or impersonating an official or authorized person Person poses as IT staff to ask employee to verify username/password

Answer 418

A network security tool that prevents staff members from directly accessing the internet When a user wants to access the internet the request goes first to the proxy server which acts as an intermediary and determines if the request is permitted or not

Answer 419

limits on abilities to access or input data according to the person's role

Answer 420

Type definition Metadata

Answer 421

data that provides information (date of creation or author/developer

Answer 422

``` structural technical process guide administrative rights management preservation ```

Answer 423

Must provide power for 48 hours Must have uninterruptible power source should be available for 10 minutes in order to provide time to switch to the generator Both generator and USP should be tested every 30 days Maintained in secure areas that are protected from flooding

Answer 424

``` facilitates transmission of summary data during transitions of care by requiring interoperability Data includes: Patient name and demographics Vital signs Diagnosis procedures medications allergies test results immunizations functional status care plan care team reason of referral of discharge instructions ```

Answer 425

1. format: presentation system, text/graphic based, frames, interface design 2. content: current/reliable 3. style: tone, literacy level 4. strategy: interactivity

Answer 426

purpose is to assess users' willingness and ability to utilize hardware/software as intended Usually done as a final step prior to a system's going live

Answer 427

Right to privacy limited by consideration of greater good Right to privacy is not absolute from an ethical standpoint Infringement must be minimum necessary

Answer 428

``` Genetic information Social information Adoption information Health information Medical information Personal information ```

Answer 429

a standard transmission format that uses strings of data for business information communicated in the computer systems of organizations that are independent.

Answer 430

has no restrictions on how it is used or disclosed. Information can become de-identified in two different forms. It can by formal determination by a qualified statistician or by removing specified identifiers of the individual. On the other hand, individually identifiable health information is protected.

Answer 431

The term "disclosure" is when the patient’s medical information is made available externally. The patient does have the legal rights to who has access to their medical information, even though the healthcare facility owns the records and has physical control of them.

Answer 432

This change theory has 5 adopters categories based on innovativeness. They are: Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards.

Answer 433

``` In the 1950’s, this model was developed from a social psychology perspective to be used as a predicator of preventive health behavior. The model includes: Individual perceptions Modifying factors Likelihood of action ```

Answer 434

The reasons are: to the individual; for treatment, payment and health care operations; for opportunity to agree or object; for incident to an otherwise permitted use and disclosure; public interest and benefit activities; limited data set for the purpose of research or health care operations.

Answer 435

Standard 13

Answer 436

Standard 7

Answer 437

Standard 8

Answer 438

Standard 12

Answer 439

sufficient testing of multiple users and their log ins. Ease of access as well as denial of access to the necessary information is also critical in this phase.

Answer 440

``` Communication Influence Problem solving Leadership Negotiation ```

Answer 441

The readiness assessment is conducted before implementation, to assess the readiness of the organization for the implementation that will occur shortly. This should include hardware, environment, staff, etc.

Answer 442

``` These basic elements could include: Color palette Form Lines Typography Shapes Texture Space ```

Answer 443

This category also focuses on what users can do with the technology. This is via messages, information, and displays.

Answer 444

Unit testing is the first form of testing before the system is handed over to the testing phase of SDLC. It is usually performed by the system designer during the design phase, and performed on each component separately. This is the first line of testing to ensure that each piece is operating correctly.

Answer 445

Unit testing is the first form of testing before the system is handed over to the testing phase of SDLC. It is usually performed by the system designer during the design phase, and performed on each component separately. This is the first line of testing to ensure that each piece is operating correctly.

Answer 446

Provider data, total charges, MS-DRG, demographic data, Medicare coverage for the claim information, charges by specific types of service, and the ICD codes. This file is sometimes used for research, but it only contains Medicare patients.

Answer 447

A baseline data is data that tells how a process is currently performing. This helps to determine how a process performs after a change has been made

Answer 448

are mechanisms that will examine activity and then record in an information system.

Answer 449

SAN allows organizations to integrate fast performance with necessary expandability. As health data proliferates each year, demands for greater storage options become necessary. SAN is a virtual storage that can be easily expanded, and allows for quick recall of data and long-term storage.

Answer 450

Chief among them are the improvement of workflow and productivity, increased information access, improved communications, and greater mobility. However, improving patient communication is not necessarily a benefit of tablet use. In fact, it might even be a hindrance to patient communication if a nurse is distracted by the tablet at any given moment.

Answer 451

SaS informats are used to read external data, in the form of flat files,and format it for output. There are 3 categories and they are named according to their syntax.

Answer 452

Flat files are data that is external to the system, and are generally in the form of text or sequential files.

Answer 453

nursing practice, nursing education, nursing research, and nursing administration.

Answer 454

They need to able to speak their health concerns. They need to be able to describe their symptoms accurately. They can evaluate information for its quality and credibility. They can analyze the benefits and risks. They are information literate.

Answer 455

physical causes, human causes, and organizational causes.

Answer 456

exploration and trial, establishment and advancement, mid-career growth, maintenance, decline, and disengagement

Answer 457

Direct care Supportive Informational infrastructure

Answer 458

three types are input (analogs of sensory neurons), hidden (analogs to all of the other neurons), and output (analogs of motor neurons).

Answer 459

``` Reporting Results management Point-of-care charting Medication management Clinical decision support systems ```

Answer 460

Optimization is more innovation, rather than maintenance. It can occur pre-implementation phase, or after the implementation phase of the SDLC. Optimization focuses not only on workflows, but system functionality and training.

Answer 461

financial systems, payroll and human resource systems, contract management systems, and quality assurance systems.

Answer 462

goals, application, time frame, technology, and operations

Answer 463

The work flow analysis is an observation of how the data is currently handled and the rate at which it happens. By analyzing this information and observing the processes, improvements can be planned. These changes will improve effectiveness and efficiency.

Answer 464

The audio part of the visual should be clear. The visual material should be clear and focused. Are there any distracting background noise in the audio? The composition of the image should be good. The legibility of the text should be clear from a distance. The pace of the narrator should be checked.

Answer 465

``` S-starters C-creators O-overseers D-doers F-finishers ```

Answer 466

``` Feasibility Design Implement Test Maintain Analysis ```

Answer 467

application, document, file system, and embedded

Answer 468

Single point of failure (or SPOFF) means that if one part of a system fails, the whole system fails with it. By maintaining data redundancy via the use of multiple offsite storage locations, organizations ensure that they’ll be able to maintain continuity of service

Answer 469

Healthcare Integrity and Protection Data Base Medicare Provider Analysis and Review State Administrative Data Banks

Answer 470

1. Administration 2. Policy Developer 3. Analyst/Trainer 4. Educator 5. Consultant 6. Researcher 7. Project Developer/Manager 8. Clinical Analyst

Answer 471

1. Differentiated practice 2. defined research 3. Organizational representation 4. educational programs 5. credential mechanism

Informatics Flashcards

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