Information Processing Flashcards
(32 cards)
Identify the human sensors pilots depend on for information acquisition. (3)
- 5 main senses
- Postural - forces felt by muscles/joints
- Vestibular - body’s relative position
Describe the following types of memory:
a) short term/working memory (3
- retains information for limited periods between 10-20 seconds
- capacity of 5-9 unrelated items
retention will improve by repeating and rehearsing information - transferred to the long term memory through the process of encoding
Describe the following types of memory:
a) long term memory (4
- retains large amount of information almost indefinetly
- unlimited capacity
- once stored, the memory will remain in this memory state
- transferred to the short term memory through the process of retrieval
Explain the following methods of retaining and retrieving information from memory:
(a) mnemonics
A memory retention technique in which a collection of words, phrases or sentences are used to memorise key concepts.
Explain the following methods of retaining and retrieving information from memory:
(checklists)
A memory retrieval and checking technique that allows pilots to confirm the vital procedures have been completed to the correct settings.
Describe the limitations of memory (3)
- The short term memory having a limited ability of retention with the likelihood and susceptibility of interruption
- The long term memory being restricted in the ability to retrieve information as a result of recency
- The motor/muscle memory (or automatic response) is prone to error increasing the likelihood of mistakes
Describe the effect of the following on perception:
(a) expectation
(b) experience
With expectation, there is an assumption or prediction of what is going to come next.
With experience, there is an expectation to see what is normally seen. When there is a discrepancy between the two, a problem arises generally.
Describe perception
This is the way that you notice or understand something using one of your senses.
Perception is going to be the way you perceive something and therefore will be very subjective, i.e one person can perceive something completely differently to someone else.
34.44.4/46.44.2 The brains role in registering sensations, processing sensory information
REGISTERING SENSATIONS
•Sound, light, pressure, taste or smell, Very short period of time before sensation disappears
- Echoic sensory store can hold sounds for 2 – 8 secs
- Iconic sensory store can hold images/light for ½ - 1 sec
PROCESSING SENSORY INFORMATION
- Recognising and understanding A stimulus. paying attention to inputs will involve forming a perception and the transfer of data into more robust memory (short term, long term, motor)
34.44.4/46.44.2 brains role in storing information and controlling actions
STORING INFORMATION
Two parts of memory system
Working/short term, and long term memory
Motor memory - subconscious
CONTROLLING ACTIONS
Your decision is translated into action and appropriate motor responses are initiated
The more aroused, the faster the response, but less accurate its likely to be.
With age responses are slower but more accurate.
D 34.44.6/46.44.4 Describe a basic model of information processing, including the concepts of: (a) attention, (b) divided attention, (c) selective attention
Attention - limited by the amount of info which can be held in the short term memory and is the human attention span
Divided attention - attention divided between stimuli or tasks provided they don’t exceed capacity. (Cocktail party effect)
Selective attention - Sampling process by which the sensory store prioritises relevance to the task at hand.
When demands on attention become too competitive the process can discard important information.
34.44.6/46.44.4 Describe a basic model of information processing (attention getting stimulus)
Initial alerting to a stimuli, although this may be considered an automatic act in fact it requires complex thought processing.
Varies on past experiences and an individual determines important.
(Hungry person likes smell of food rather than sounds of a traffic jam)
34.44.6/46.44.4 Describe a basic model of information processing (sensory threshold)
Stimuli must be a certain strength for the receptors to detect them, minimum strength is sensory threshold
(Sound must be loud enough or light bring enough to perceive)
34.44.6/46.44.4 Describe a basic model of information processing (sensitivity)
How aware are you regarding each of your sensory channels: sight, sound, taste, smell, touch, and pain
•All individuals have varying degrees of sensitivity and have varying ways of outwardly responding and expressing their awareness of these sensitivities.
34.44.6/46.44.4 Describe a basic model of information processing (adaptation)
Sensory receptors adapt either partially or completely to their stimuli after a period of time
•E.G: why you don’t continue to feel the clothes on your skin after you get dressed
34.44.6/46.44.4 Describe a basic model of information processing (habituation)
Sensory adaptation is also referred to as habituation
•E.G: Moving to a house close to a railway line or airport. After a month or so the noise is hardly sensed.
Describe peripheral and sensory memory
- It is the shortest term memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli are ended.
- Ie. Seeing something for a second but being able to recall it.
- Last for up to 1/5th to ½ a second
Describe motor/skills memory
a third sub conscious part of the memory that is devoted to the operation of automatic functions, such as those that form the basis of a skill. Such as riding a bike.
Describe semantic memory
A structured record of facts, concepts and skills
How to spell or understand a word
Describe episodic memory
The memory of event which have been experienced, however our memory of events can become clouded by what we think should have occurred.
Long term memory is composed of semantic and episodic
34.44.12/46.44.8 Explain the following methods of retaining and retrieving information from memory: (a) chunking and what are the limits for digits, letter and words
grouping small amounts of information together we can optimize the capacity of the short term memory
- This is limited to approximately seven for digits, around six for letters, and around five for words.
- Is prone to interruption
Describe associations regarding memory (verbal/visual)
A technique for remembering a list of items.
- Verbally a wild or bizarre association is imagined and attached to a word.
- Visually a technique to put names to faces.
Describe aide memoirs
Anything from a checklist to a note to remind yourself
34.44.14/46.44.10 Explain the concept of mental workload
•The level of performance any individual is capable of is limited by the ability to process the relevant information, up to that point performance is improved, if the workload is increased.
