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Biology Yr 9 > Inheritance 1 > Flashcards

Inheritance 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Process of ‘runners’ asexual reproduction

A

Overground ariel stems which grow roots to develop new plants
E.g. Wild strawberry

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1
Q

What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

A

Asexual production

  • 1 parent
  • offspring identical to each other and the parent
  • faster + requires little energy
  • e.g. In bacteria, protoctista

Sexual reproduction

  • 2 parents
  • offspring is non-identical
  • produces variety
  • e.g. In humans and animals
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2
Q

Process of ‘rhizomes’ asexual reproduction

A

Underground stems which travel and then grow up through the soil
E.g. Asparagus

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3
Q

Process of ‘tubers’ asexual reproduction

A

Underground swollen stem from which new plants may grow

E.g. Potato plant

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4
Q

Process of ‘bulb’ asexual reproduction

A

Underground storage organ made from adapted leaves, new plant grows inside
E.g. Onion bulb

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5
Q

What is the process artificial method for reproducing plants called ‘cutting?

A
  • a small amount of the parental plant is removed e.g. A leaf
  • this small amount , called the cutting, is then placed in new soil and grows into an independent plant
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6
Q

What is a explant?

A

A small part of a plant

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7
Q

What is the process of the artificial way of reproducing plants called ‘Micropropagation’?

A
  • a few cells or an explant is taken from a plant
  • this is then placed in a cultured medium for its growth (an altered medium will give a slightly different plant)
  • it will then grow into a callus, then a plantlet and the an adult plant
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8
Q

Definition of fertilisation

A

Fusion of male and female gametes

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9
Q

Why does micropropagation work?

A
  • plants contain meristem cells which are actively undergoing mitosis
  • these cells are totipotent and can change (differentiate) into all kinds of other plant tissue
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10
Q

Why clone plants? (6 reasons)

A
  • To produce genetically identical copies of a plant with desirable characteristics
  • to quickly produce many mature plants
  • to produce plants in the absence of pollinators
  • to conserve rare or endangered plants
  • to make copies of plants which have been genetically modified
  • to produce plants that do not grow easily from seeds
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11
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

DNA is contained in chromosomes, which are found in the nucleus of most cells.

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12
Q

Characteristics of a DNA molecule

A
  • It is a double helix structure that has been twisted
  • It consists of 2 strands of nucleotides linked together
  • Each nucleotide consists of phosphate, sugar and a base
  • The phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA and the bases are in the centre
  • There are 4 bases in DNA: A, C, G, and T
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13
Q

Which bases always pair up together?

A

A and T

C and G

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14
Q

How are the bases held together?

A

By hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What are the names of all the bases?

A 
A = adenine
T = thymine
C = cytosine 
G = guanine
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16
Q

Definition of gene

A

A small section of DNA in a chromosome that has the code for making a protein

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17
Q

Definition of a protein

A

Chain of amino acids

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18
Q

How many bases make up 1 amino acid code?

A

3 bases = 1 amino acids code

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19
Q

What are proteins responsible for?

A

Certain characteristics

E.g. eye colour

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20
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of a diploid cell

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21
Q

Way to remember the stages of mitosis

A 
Isabel's 
Pork
Pies 
Make 
Alan
Traley
Crazy
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22
Q

What is the first step of mitosis and what happens?

A

Interphase

  • DNA is copied
  • Chromosomes are not visible
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23
Q

What comes after interphase in mitosis and what happens?

A

Prophase

  • chromosomes condense and can now be seen
  • each chromosome is seen to consist of 2 chromatids
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24
Q

What comes after prophase in mitosis and what happens?

A

Prometaphase

  • the nuclear membrane disappears
  • spindle fibres are formed
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25
Q

What comes after prometaphase in mitosis and what happens?

A

Metaphase

- the chromosomes align on the ‘equator’ of the spindle

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26
Q

What comes after metaphase in mitosis and what happens?

A

Anaphase

- spindle fibres pull the chromatids apart to opposite ends of the cell

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27
Q

What comes after anaphase in mitosis and what happens?

A

Telophase

- a new nuclear membrane forms around each of the 2 sets of chromosomes

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28
Q

What comes after telophase in mitosis and what happens?

A

Cytokinesis

  • the cell starts to divide
  • 2 new genetically identical daughter cells are formed
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29
Q

What is the result of mitosis?

A

Mitosis leads to the production of an identical cell

30
Q

Where does mitosis happen?

A
  • in all body parts (except sex cells)
  • in bacteria and other micro organisms
  • in plants
31
Q

What’s the purpose of mitosis?

A
  • To make more cells
  • to replace dead cells
  • asexual reproduction
32
Q

What does transgenic mean?

A

The transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species

33
Q

Definition of genetic engineering

A

The artificial change of DNA in a cell either by adding, changing, or removing DNA

34
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A short circular piece of DNA found in bacterial cells

35
Q

What is a restriction enzyme?

A

Enzyme that cuts DNA molecules at specific points

36
Q

What is a DNA ligase?

A

Enzyme that joins cut ends of DNA molecules

37
Q

What is recombinant DNA?

A

DNA that has been created from different sources

38
Q

What is a vector?

A

The means of transferring DNA into an organism

E.g. A plasmid or a virus

39
Q

What is a transgenic organism?

A

An organism whose DNA has been genetically altered and contains DNA from another species

40
Q

Describe the process of making insulin up to recombinant DNA

A
  • DNA is extracted from human cells because they contain the gene for making insulin
  • The insulin is cut out of the DNA using a restriction enzyme
  • A plasmid is extracted from a bacteria cell
  • The plasmid is cut using the same restriction enzyme
  • The enzyme, DNA ligase is used to join the ends of the insulin gene and plasmid DNA
  • This creates recombinant DNA
41
Q

Describe the process of making insulin from the recombinant DNA

A
  • The plasmid holding the insulin gene functions as a vector
  • It is used to transfer the insulin gene into a bacteria cell
  • The transgenic bacteria cells now reproduces and starts making insulin protein
  • The insulin gene can now be isolated and purified
42
Q

What is are clones?

A

Genetically identical cells or organisms

43
Q

Describe the process of embryo splitting when making animal clones

A
  • Sperm is taken from the male animal
  • The female is artificially inseminated with sperm
  • A zygote forms and develops into a early embryo
  • The embryo is split into several smaller embryos
  • These embryos are placed into the uterus of several foster mothers
  • Genetically identical offspring are born
44
Q

After embryo splitting has taken place who are the offspring identical to?

A
  • When the offspring are born, they are identical to each other.
  • They are not identical to their foster mothers, because they contain different genetic information (the offsprings’ DNA comes from the original pregnant animal and the father).
45
Q

Steps for genetically modified plants

A
  • The desired DNA gene is inserted into the plasmid
  • This creates a recombinant plasmid
  • The plasmid is introduced into plant cells and cultured in a laboratory
  • The plant cells develop into fully grown plants
46
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in the nucleus?

A

23 pairs

  • 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
  • 1 of sex chromosomes
47
Q

What does a duplicated chromotid consist of and what is it called?

A

Called a chromosome
Consist of 2 identical chromotids
Held together by the centromere

48
Q

Definition of The Genetic Code

A

The rules (code) by which the information encoded in the DNA sequence is translated into the amino acid sequence

49
Q

Process from gene to characteristics

A

Gene –> amino acids arrange themselves in a specific order –> that protein causes a certain characteristic (eye colour)

50
Q

Definition of gene therapy

A

The insertion alteration or removal of gene within cells to treat genetic diseases

51
Q

Definition of GMF

A

Genetically modified foods

52
Q

Definition of gmo

A

Genetically modified organisms

53
Q

Definition of gt

A

Gene therapy

54
Q

Definition of DNA replication

A

The coping of DNA molecule to obtain two identical DNA molecules

55
Q

Result of DNA replication

A

the newly formed DNA molecules contain one strand of original parental DNA and one new identical strand

56
Q

What is the process of DNA replication also called

A

Semi-conservative

57
Q

Steps of DNA replication

A
  • original DNA unwinds are separates
  • New DNA strands form through complimentary base pairing between exposed bases of original DNA and free nucleotides
  • 2 new strands have been created
  • DNA winds back up into helical structure
58
Q

What happens to chromosomes due to DNA replication?

A

A new ‘sister’ chromosome forms creating a duplicated chromosome

59
Q

Describe the process of reproductive cloning

A
  • A adult cell is removed from Animal A and the nucleus is extracted
  • A egg cell is removed from female Animal B and the nucleus is removed leaving a empty cell
  • A mild electric shock fused the empty cell and the nucleus together
  • Mitosis takes place and produces an embryo
  • The embryo is implanted into Animal C
  • The offspring of Animal C will be a clone of Animal A
60
Q

Advantages to genetically modified plants

A
  • Resistance to herbicides + pesticides
  • Resistance to plant diseases
  • Drought and heat tolerance
  • Better balance of nutrients or additional nutrients to improve food production
  • Extended shelf-life of fruit vegetables
  • Production of biodegradable plastics
61
Q

Advantages to pluripotent embryonic stem cells

A
  • Able to form most types of cells , differentiate into other cells
  • Limitless self renewal
  • Large numbers can be obtained
62
Q

Disadvantages to pluripotent embryonic stem cells

A
  • Embryos are destroyed

- These don’t have the same genes as the person treated with them so they might be rejected

63
Q

Advantages to multipotent umbilical cord stem cells and adult stem cells

A
  • Can be isolated without causing harm to the patient

- Use of patients own cells is possible so the cells will not be rejected

64
Q

Disadvantages to multipotent umbilical cord stem cells and adult stem cells

A
  • Small number found in body

- Difficult to work with

65
Q

Definition of totipotent

A

Can develop into any type of cell/cell type

66
Q

Definition of pluripotent

A

Can develop into most cell types

67
Q

Definition of multipotent

A

Can develop into some cell types

68
Q

Definition of unipotent

A

Can develop into one cell type

69
Q

Definition of stem cells

A

Cells that can:

  • replicate themselves
  • and differentiate into other cell types
70
Q

Steps for therapeutic cloning

A
  • A person needs new organ tissue has a adult cell removed and the nucleus is extracted
  • A human ovum is removed from a female the nucleus is removed leaving a empty cell
  • A mild electric shock fuse the empty cell and the nucleus together
  • A new pre-embyro cell containing patient DNA has been formed
  • Embryonic development begins, the numbers of cells increase
  • Stem cells are removed from embyro and are cultured to grow into required organ or tissue
71
Q

What is the sugar used in DNA called?

A

Deoxyribose

72
Q

Why clone animals?

A
  • For prevention of the species extinction
  • Agricultural benefits = £££
  • Money, e.g. Clone a good racehorse
  • Organ donors
  • Medical trials
  • Personal attachment e.g. Dog after dead
73
Q

Why are some people opposed to animal cloning?

A
  • Inbreeding
  • Loss of variation
  • Life is sacred, value of life
  • Could lead to human cloning
  • Not very reliable, loss of money, abnormal deficiencies

Biology Yr 9 (4 decks)

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