inheritance

Question 1

homozygote

Answer 1

an individual with two IDENTICAL alleles for a characteristic

Question 2

heterozygote

Answer 2

an individual with two DIFFERENT alleles for a characteristic

Question 3

alleles

Answer 3

different forms of a gene

Question 4

genotype

Answer 4

alleles present/genetic makeup of an individual regarding a characteristic

Question 5

phenotype

Answer 5

physical appearance of an individual regarding a characteristic

Question 6

MOST characteristics are controlled by ____ genes interacting

Answer 6

several

Question 7

what do combinations of alleles you inherit determine?

Answer 7

your characteristics

Question 8

(inheritance topic)
what do inherited chromosomes carry?

Answer 8

your genetic info in the form of GENES

Question 9

dominant allele
(two points)

Answer 9

ALWAYS expressed in phenotype
—
use a capital letter to express

Question 10

recessive allele
(two points)

Answer 10

only expressed if TWO COPIES are present
—
use lower case letter to express

Question 11

Punnet square
(what is it, what they do, what they tell us)

Answer 11

genetic diagram

help explain what is happening, what offspring might be like

genotype of the parents
possible gametes formed from these
how these may combine to form the characteristic in their offspring

Question 12

genetic cross

Answer 12

considering offspring results from 2 known parents

Question 13

mitosis vs meiosis

Answer 13

mitosis / meiosis

1 round of division / 2 rounds of division

genetically identical cells produced / genetically differing cells produced

diploid cells / haploid cells

all bodily cells / gametes only

Question 14

the monomer:

Answer 14

🔴 phosphate
\
⬠— ▭
sugar and organic base

Question 15

nucleotide

Answer 15

bases of DNA

Question 16

gene

Answer 16

section of DNA for coding

Question 17

DNA

Answer 17

alpha helix, genetic material

Question 18

chromosome

Answer 18

condensed DNA for cell division

Question 19

polydactyly

Answer 19

extra finger or toe

Question 20

what happens in cystic fibrosis?

Answer 20

mucosal membranes produce too much mucus

physiotherapy needed every day to remove mucus from the lungs

leads to respiratory issues

Question 21

asexual vs sexual reproduction

Answer 21

sexual:
- variation and adaptation
- takes longer as it creates seeds/babies
- only local area populated
- lots of energy required

asexual:
- all offspring are clones
- offspring created nearby quicker
- little energy required
- population in very small area

Question 22

what is the nucleotide?

Answer 22

a monomer of DNA (as DNA is a polymer made of small parts)

Question 23

genome

Answer 23

entire set ot genetic material in an organism

Question 24

complementary base pairing

Answer 24

only complementary bases can pair to hold the helix together.
A-T
C-G

Question 25

how is knowledge of the human genome helpful?

Answer 25

• can be used for treatments of genetic disease
• finding genes that cause genetic disease
• tracking human migration patterns from the past, helping people discover their ancestory

Question 26

cystic fibrosis (genetic inheritance)

Answer 26

• controlled by a recessive allele meaning someone can be a carrier
• you would need both recessive alleles to have it

Question 27

polydactyly (genes)

Answer 27

• caused by a dominant allele
• cannot be a carrier
• only need one dominant polydactyly allele to have the condition

Question 28

what is embryo screening?

Answer 28

when embryos are tested to see if they have the alleles for inherited disorders

Question 29

what happens if the embryo screened has the alleles for inherited disorders?

Answer 29

an embryo that does not have the deffective alleles is implanted into the woman and they develop into healthy offspring

Question 30

what are the issues with embryo screening?

Answer 30

• expensive: some people think NHS money should be spent elsewhere
• lots created but few implanted: healthy embryos go to waste
• designer children: in future we could screen embryos to have desired traits.

Question 31

gene therapy

Answer 31

the future possibility that scientists could correct faulty alleles