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Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

Prophase I

A

Chromosome condenses
centrosome moves to opposite poles
Nucleolus disappears
Nuclear envelope disappears
Spindle fiber begins to form
Bivalent forms
Crossing over

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2
Q

Metaphase I

A

Centrosome reaches opposite poles
Spindle fiber fully formed
Attaches to centromere
Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes

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3
Q

Anaphase I

A

Microtubule spindle shortens
centromere Donot divide
Homologous chromosome separates

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4
Q

Telophase I

A

Homologous chromosome reaches opposite poles
Remaining spindle fiber broken down
Nucleolus reappears
Nuclear envelope reforms
chromosomes decondenses

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5
Q

Cytokinesis

A

2n→ n+n
Number chromosomes halved
Forms haploid cells

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6
Q

How does mitosis cause genetic variation

A

Crossing over
Independent assortment
Mutation
Fertilization

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7
Q

How does mitosis cause genetic variation

A

Crossing over
Independent assortment
Mutation
Fertilization

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8
Q

Crossing over

A

At chiasmata
Between non sister chromatids
Linkage group breaks
Exchange of genetic material
New combination of alleles
Prophase I

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9
Q

Independent assortment

A

Metaphase I
Each pair lines up independently from one another
Genetically unique gametes

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10
Q

Mutation

A

Change in base sequence of nucleotides
Deletion insertion substitution

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable characteristics
Physical makeup

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12
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles possessed by an organism

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13
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles

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14
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles

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15
Q

Dominant allele

A

Expressed in the phenotype even when only one copy of the allele is present
Expressed for both homozygous and heterozygous of the allele

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16
Q

Recessive allele

A

Expressed only when both copies of the allele is present
expressed only in homozygous of the allele

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17
Q

homologous Chromosome

A

pair of chromosomes in a diploid cell one from mother one from father
Same size but may have different alleles

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18
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

X and Y chromosomes

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19
Q

Genes

A

Length of a DNA that codes for a polypeptide chain (specific DNA sequence)

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20
Q

Linked genes

A

All genes on the same chromosomes in a linkage group

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21
Q

Diploid cells

A

Having two sets of chromosomes
2n
Somatic cells
46 in humans

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22
Q

Haploid cells

A

Having one set of chromosome
Gametes
23 in humans

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23
Q

Why reduction division?

A

To produce Gametes with haploid number of chromosomes
To maintain diploid number of cells in each generation
Genetic variation in offsprings

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24
Q

Test cross

A

To identify exact genotype of a dominant
phenotype
Cross with a homozygous recessive
If homozygous: all offsprings have dominant phenotype
If heterozygous: some dominant some recessive

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25
Pure bred
Homozygous individuals Always produces offsprings with same genotype
26
F1 generation
First filial generation
27
F2 generation
Second filial generation Offsprings result of self pollination or cross of F1
28
Dyhybrid inheritance
Cross of 2 genes at once 2 genes codes for different traits On different chromosomes
29
Mendelian genetics
Laws of segregation Laws of independent assortment Laws of dominance
30
Law of segregation
During gamete formation alleles for each gene segregate from one another independently (anaphase I) so that each gamet carries only one allele for each gene.
31
Law of independent assortment
During metaphase I, chromosomes line up independently from one another. Different traits gene segregate independently during gamete formation
32
Law of independent assortment
During metaphase I, chromosomes line up independently from one another. Different traits gene segregate independently during gamete formation
33
Law of dominance
Organism with at least one dominant allele will display effect of dominant allele
34
Autosomal linkage
Genes located on the same chromosome allele on gene one and gene two are inherited together
35
Crossing over in autosomal linkage
Possible to get all phenotypes
36
Null hypothesis
Statement to assume there is no significant difference between 2 sets of data
37
Substitution
Silent Missense Nonsense
38
Silent
Codon still codes for same amino acid
39
Nonsense
Stop codon is introduced
40
Missense
Codon codes for different amino acid
41
Sickle cell anemia
Inherited blood disorder Affects structure of hemoglobin Substitution in gene coding for B globin Different 6th amino acid polypeptide Chain Codominant
42
Symptoms of SCA
hemoglobin becomes less soluble Sickle shape Carries less oxygen: Breaks down faster Sticks to capillaries
43
Albinism
Autosomal recessive inheritance Melanin missing from eye Autosomal linkage in TYR gene Codes for tyrosinase Tyrosine → dopa → melanin
44
Symptoms of albinism
Pale skin Pale hair Pink eyes Poor vision Jerky eyes movement
45
Hemophilia
Sex linked X-linked recessive mutation Factor VIII
46
Huntington's disease
HIIT gene Autosomal dominant mutant
47
Huntington's disease symptoms
Involuntary movement Mood changes Brain cells lost
48
Hemophilia symptoms
Reduces blood clotting Excessive bleeding Large bruises Internal seeding
49
Gene expression
Process where gene is being transcribed to mRNA and translated to protein
50
Gene regulation
Enables gene expression to take place in specific cell at a specific time Constitutive protein Switched on: - no wastage of resource - no expression of protein that may interfere
51
Structural genes
Codes for protein needed for cell structure Eg: protein forming parts of cell
52
regulatory gene
Codes for regulatory protein that controls gene expression Activators Repressors
53
Repressible gene
Synthesis inhibited when: - repressors binds to operators - stops binding of RNA polymerase
54
Inducible gene
Synthesis takes place: - binds to regulatory gene (repressors) inhibiting it to bind with operator -Gene gets switched on
55
Operons
Found in prokaryotes Makes up unit of gene expression in prokaryotes
56
Promoter
Where RNA polymerase binds
57
Operator
Where repressor protein binds
58
Lac operon
Codes for 3 repressible, inducible enzymes Lac z Lac y Lac A
59
Lac z
Codes for B- galactosidase
60
Lac y
Codes for permease
61
Lac A
Codes for transacetylase
62
Lac I: regulatory gene
Codes for repressor protein Has 2 binding site
63
Lactose present
Lactose binds to repressor Changes shape of protein, becomes inactive Cannot bind to DNA RNA can move through operator transcription takes place gene switched on
64
Lactose absent
Repressor binds to operator RNA polymerase cannot pass through Transcription does not take place Gene switched Off
65
Benefits of lac operon
Allows bacteria To produce 3 enzymes only when lactose is available All three enzymes will be produced in equal amounts Avoid wastage of materials
66
General tfs
Forms part of protein complex that binds to promotor region with RNA polymerase
67
Transcription factor functions
Activates genes in sequence Encourages transcription Determines sex in mammals Responds to environmental stimuli Regulates cell cycle Responds to hormones
68
Without GA (giberellin)
Tf is attached to Della protein Tf cannot bind to DNA
69
With GA ( gibberellin)
Destroys Della protein Tf to binds DNA Recruits RNA polymerase to bind to DNA gene get switched on

Biology (5 decks)

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