inheritance(genetics)

Question 1

difference between plant and animal cells

Answer 1

plants have a cell wall and contains chloroplast which carries chlorophyll which makes the plant green. animal cells don’t have a cell wall nor does it contain chloroplast.

Question 2

difference between prokaryote and eukaryote

Answer 2

prokaryote has no nucleus, without membrane bound organelles and cellular. eukaryote has no nucleus, without membrane bound organelles and non-cellular.

Question 3

list all the organelles in the cell

Answer 3

Nucleus, Nucleolus, Cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, Vacuole, Lysosomes, Cytoskeleton, Centrioles, Cell wall, Chloroplasts, Large central vacuole

Question 4

structure and function of cell membrane

Answer 4

The cell membrane is a thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell. It’s made of two layers of fats (called a phospholipid bilayer) with proteins scattered throughout. Its main job is to control what goes in and out of the cell, like food, water, and waste. It also protects the cell, helps it keep its shape, and lets the cell communicate with other cells.

Question 5

role of cholesterol

Answer 5

helps keep the cell membrane stable and flexible.

Question 6

role of proteins

Answer 6

proteins help the membrane with transport, communication, support, and recognition.

Question 7

role of lipid in the membrane

Answer 7

lipids provide the structure and protection of the membrane while controlling what can enter or leave the cell.

Question 8

What is a monomer?

Answer 8

A monomer is a small, basic molecular unit that can join together with other monomers to form a polymer.

Question 9

True or False: Polymers are formed by the chemical bonding of multiple monomers.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Fill in the blank: The process of linking monomers together to form polymers is called __________.

Answer 10

polymerization

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a polymer? A) Glucose B) Starch C) Water

Answer 11

B) Starch

Question 12

What type of bond primarily forms between monomers in a polymer?

Answer 12

Covalent bonds

Question 13

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 13

Monosaccharides

Question 14

True or False: The polymer of lipids is known as triglycerides.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Fill in the blank: The monomers of proteins are called __________.

Answer 15

amino acids

Question 16

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

Answer 16

DNA and RNA

Question 17

Which of the following is a polymer of carbohydrates? A) Glucose B) Starch C) Fatty Acid

Answer 17

B) Starch

Question 18

What are monomers?

Answer 18

Monomers are the basic building blocks of polymers, consisting of small molecular units.

Question 19

Where in the cell are amino acids, the monomers of proteins, primarily found?

Answer 19

Amino acids are primarily found in the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 20

True or False: Monosaccharides, the monomers of carbohydrates, can be found in the cell membrane.

Answer 20

True.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: Nucleotides, the monomers of nucleic acids, are located in the _______.

Answer 21

nucleus.

Question 22

Which type of monomer is primarily found in the cell’s cytoplasm and is crucial for energy storage?

Answer 22

Monosaccharides.

Question 23

what is the structure and function of dna

Question 24

what is the structure and function of rna

Question 25

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

Answer 25

DNA and RNA

Question 26

True or False: DNA is typically single-stranded.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Fill in the blank: The sugar in RNA is __________.

Answer 27

ribose

Question 28

What base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

Answer 28

Uracil

Question 29

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is the primary function of DNA?

Answer 29

To store genetic information

Question 30

What is the structure of DNA commonly described as?

Answer 30

A double helix

Question 31

True or False: RNA can act as a catalyst in biological reactions.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Fill in the blank: The nucleotides in DNA are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a __________.

Answer 32

nitrogenous base

Question 33

What process involves the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template?

Answer 33

Transcription

Question 34

Multiple Choice: Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome?

Answer 34

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Question 35

What is the complementary base pair for adenine (A) in DNA?

Answer 35

Thymine (T)

Question 36

True or False: Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) in DNA.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

If the DNA sequence is ATCGTA, what is the complementary strand?

Answer 37

TAGCAT

Question 38

Fill in the blank: The complementary base for thymine (T) is _____ .

Answer 38

Adenine (A)

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a base found in DNA? A) Adenine B) Uracil C) Cytosine D) Guanine

Answer 39

B) Uracil

Question 40

What is the complementary base for guanine (G) in DNA?

Answer 40

Cytosine (C)

Question 41

True or False: The two strands of DNA are identical.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

What is the process of determining the complementary strand of a DNA sequence called?

Answer 42

Base pairing

Question 43

If the original DNA strand is CGTACG, what is the complementary strand?

Answer 43

GCATGC

Question 44

What type of bond forms between complementary bases in DNA?

Answer 44

Hydrogen bonds

Question 45

role of mRNA tRNA and rRNA

Answer 45

mRNA = message, tRNA = amino acid transporter, rRNA = ribosome builder.

Question 46

explain the process of transcription and translation

Answer 46

In transcription, the cell makes a copy of a gene from DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome. In translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA and uses transfer RNA (tRNA) to bring the right building blocks (amino acids) to make a protein.

Question 47

write the mRNA strand from the DNA strand

Answer 47

For example, if your DNA strand is: TAC GGA TCC, the mRNA strand would be: AUG CCU AGG

Question 48

write the tRNA strand from the mRNA strand

Answer 48

A (adenine) → U (uracil) U (uracil) → A (adenine) C (cytosine) → G (guanine) G (guanine) → C (cytosine)

Question 49

write the tRNA strand from the DNA strand

Answer 49

A → U T → A C → G G → C

Question 50

explain genome

Answer 50

A genome is all the genetic material (DNA) in a cell, including every gene and the non-coding parts too.

Question 51

explain gene

Answer 51

genes are the inherited instruction carried on a chromosome. most genes code for the production of specific protiens (via transcription and translation)

Question 52

explain allele

Answer 52

is a different version of a gene. eg. if one cats fur is green and the other is pink the colours are the alleles

Question 53

explain what genotype and phenotype are

Answer 53

phenotype is what you can see and the genotype is the combination of genes (alleles) an organism has that determines the traits.

Question 54

explain what complete dominance is

Answer 54

is when one allele completely masks the effect of another.

Question 55

explain what incomplete dominance is

Answer 55

is when neither allele is completely dominant, so the result is a blend of both traits in the phenotype.

Question 56

explain what co-dominance is

Answer 56

is when both alleles are equally strong and are both shown in the phenotype — neither one is hidden.

Question 57

explain what sex-linked inheritance is

Answer 57

Sex-linked inheritance is when a gene is located on a sex chromosome, usually the X chromosome.

Question 58

explain the terms heterozygous and homozygous

Answer 58

homozygous = same alleles, heterozygous = different alleles.

Question 59

inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and respiration

Answer 59

Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to make sugar (glucose) and oxygen. Respiration uses sugar and oxygen to make energy, and it produces carbon dioxide and water. The things made in photosynthesis are used in respiration, and the things made in respiration are used in photosynthesis.