Injuries Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
what is an acute injury
A
these occur at a specific moment in time
2
Q
what are the symptoms of acute injuries
A
pain, swelling, bruising, lack of movement and disfiguration
3
Q
what is an example of acute injuries
A
boxer breaking their jaw
4
Q
what is a chronic injury
A
occurs over a period of time
5
Q
what are chronic injuries associated with
A
associated with repeated or continuous stress
6
Q
what is an example of a chronic injury
A
tennis elbow
7
Q
what is a soft tissue injury
A
Most common type
Includes strains and sprains of muscle, tendons or ligaments
Result in inflammation or bruising (internal bleeding)
Require immediate attention to reduce recovery time
8
Q
what is a hard tissue injury
A
involves damage to bones, joint or cartilage
Includes fractures, dislocations
Result in inflammation or bleeding, and joint instability
Often require surgery
9
Q
what is a fracture
A
A partial or complete break in the bone due to excessive force
10
Q
what cause a fracture
A
Usually from a direct force (from a collision or object) or an indirect force (falling or poor technique)
11
Q
what are common symptoms of fractures
A
Pain at site
Inability to move or unnatural movement
Deformity
Swelling
Discoloration
12
Q
what are the 2 types of fracture
A
compound and simple
13
Q
what is a compund fracture
A
Bones breaks skin
Open wound - high risk of infection
14
Q
what is a simple fracture
A
Skin remains unbroken
Fracture causes little movement of the bone
Minimal damage to soft tissue
15
Q
what are the types of fractures
A
Greenstick
Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Comminuted
Impacted
Avulsion
16
Q
what is a dislocation
A
Occurs when one bone is displaced from another (moves
out of original position)
17
Q
what are the causes of dislocation
A
Direct force (collision or object)
Indirect force (a fall)
18
Q
what are the sites of dislocation
A
hip knee shoulder elbow finger
19
Q
what are the symptoms of dislocation
A
swelling and pop feeling
20
Q
what is sublaxation dislocation
A
Often causes damage to the ligaments
When overstretched, ligaments are permanently
damaged, causing joint instability
21
Q
what are contusions
A
Contusion (bruise) is an area of the skin where the blood vessel has ruptured (torn)
Most are minor and heal quickly
Causes - fall or direct impact
22
Q
what is a haematoma
A
the damaged tissue leads to a haematoma - localised bleeding from the ruptured vessel
Signs and symptoms - swelling and discolouration
23
Q
what is a sprain
A
- Damage (overstretch or tear) to the ligaments
24
Q
what causes sprain
A
sudden twist or fall, that takes the joint past natural range of motion (ROM)- common in ankles and knees
25
what are the symptoms of sprains
pain, swelling, bruising, inability to weight bear and dislocation
26
what is a strain
Damage (overstretching or tear) to the muscles fibers or tendons)
27
what causes strains
overstretching, sudden movements
28
what are the areas affectes and signs of strains
Areas affected - dynamic sports with lots of changes of direction
Signs and symptoms - pain on movement, swelling, discolouration/ bruising
29
what is an abrasion and what causes it
Superficial damage to the skin
Causes - scraping against a source
Can lead to open wounds (if skin broken)
Some sports now have blood rules
30
what is a blister and what causes it
Separation of layers of skin, where a pocket of fluid forms due to friction
Causes - friction
31
what is a concussion
Traumatic brain injury resulting in disturbance in brain function, such as headache, dizziness, nausea.
Concussion can be a result of a direct blow to the cranium, or it can be caused as a result of the brain bouncing off the inside of the skull.
32
what causes a concussion
direct impact or sudden movement
33
what id osteoarthritis
A degenerative joint condition
where the cartilage between the
bone ends wears away.
34
what is a stress fracture
Tiny crack in the surface of the bones
35
what causes and the symptoms of stress fractures
Causes:
Fatigued muscle transferring stress to the bone
Symptoms:
Specific spots of pain, swelling after activity, nagging aches
36
what is a shin splint
Chronic shin pain - tibialis anterior/ posterior
become injured through excessive loading
37
what causes and the symptoms of shin splints
Causes:
Excessive loading/ impact
Symptoms:
Tenderness and inflammation
38
what is medial tibial stress syndrome
In almost all cases the tendon and the periosteum (outer casing of the bone) become inflamed
39
what is tendonitis
Deterioration of the tendon collagen
A tendon is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue (86% collagen)
40
what causes and the symptoms of tendonitis
Causes:
Repetitive strain. Small injuries that accumulate
Symptoms:
Burning, stinging, aching, stiffness
41
common areas of tendonitis
Elbow, knee, shoulder, achilles
42
what is intrinisc risk factors
Forces WITHIN the body
43
give some examples of intrinsic risk factors
Posture/ alignment
Physical make-up
(Body size, Weight, Height, BMI, Age)
Previous injury
(Flexibility, Joint Stability)
Individual Skill level
(Experience, Fitness)
Poor Preparation -
(Nutrition, Hydration, Sleep)
Lack of WU/ Ineffective WU
44
what is extrinsic risk factors
forces outside the body
45
what are some examples extrinsic factors
Poor biomechanical training
Poor technique
Incorrect equipment or clothing
Inappropriate load
Lack of variance in training
46
what are the aims of a warm up
Raise body temperature
Prepare athlete physically
Prepare athlete mentally
Reduce risk of injury
47
what are the compoments of a warm up
Last 20-45 minutes
3 key elements:
HR-raising activity
Stretching and mobility section
Sports specific exercises/ skill element
48
what does a HR raising activity do
increase;
Temperature and blood flow
HR, Q and SV
Breathing rate
O2 delivery to muscles
49
what does a stretching and mobility section do
Lubricate and mobilise joints
Increase elasticity of connective tissues
50
what does sports specific exercises do
Activate neural pathways
Rehearse/ practice movement patterns
51
why is a cool down performed
Maintain HR
Maintain metabolic activity
Flush muscle tissue with oxygenated blood
Remove waste products
Start the healing process
52
what is a typical cool down
Lasts 20-30 mins
Gradually decreases HR
Distinct phases;
1. Moderate-intensity activity (45-55% Vo2 max)
Maintain HR
Aid venous return mechanism
Help remove waste products
2. Stretching exercises
Reduce muscle tension
Improve muscle relaxation
Gradually lower muscle temperature
53
when does DOMS peak
24-72 hours after exercise
54
what is SALTAPS for
Protocol for assessing a sporting injury
To consider if a player should continue in the game or training, a close inspection using a sports specific assessment (SALTAPS) should be used
55
what does SALTAPS stand for
S- see injury
A- ask casualty whats wrong
L- look for signs of injury
T- touch injury
A- active movement
P- passive movement
S- strength
56
what is price
Protocol for the treatment of acute injuries to minimise joint and muscle injury.
57
what does PRICE stand for
P - PROTECTION
R - REST
I - ICE
C - COMPRESSION
E - ELEVATION
58
how do you recognise a concussion
A concussion can be recognised if the individual: is confused, can’t speak coherently, suffers memory loss, has a headache is dizzy, has nausea
59
what are the 6 R's
Recognise
Remove
Refer
Rest
Recover
Return
60
what is injury rehabillitation
Process undertaken to regain full function after injury (in connective tissue)
It involves restoring;
Strength
Flexibility
Endurance
Speed
It needs accurate diagnosis and specialist treatment
61
what are the injury rehab stages
EARLY
Gentle exercise
Encourage damaged tissue to heal
MID
Progressive loading
Develop strength
LATE
Functional exercises
Prepare for return to training/ competition
62
what are the phases of stretching rehab
EARLY/ACUTE PHASE (72 hours)
No stretching
PRICE only
MID PHASE (3 days +)
Up to 2 weeks - heat therapy and gentle static and passive stretching
4 x daily static stretching sessions
LATE PHASE (2 weeks +)
Focus on improving ROM, stretch and co-ordination
LONG TERM
Try to improve stretching and ROM to greater degree than pre-injury
Must develop strength at same time as muscle length
Active/ dynamic and developmental stretching
63
what is the purpose of a massage
Move fluid and nutrients to damaged area
Encourage healing process
Remove waste products
Stretch /de-stress tissues
Improve elasticity
Re-align damaged tissue
Break down scar tissue
MENTAL benefit
64
what does deep muscle therapy
Deep muscle therapy, which realigns connective tissues and flushes toxins from damaged area
65
what is cold therapy
Use of ice or cold water to reduce tissue temperature, metabolic rate and speed of nerve impulses
Vasoconstricts vessels, reducing blood flow and inflammation, swelling and pain
66
what is the other method of cold therapy
cryotherapy, used after the acute stage
Up to 20 mins every 1-3 hours
67
what can you do for cold therapy
PRICE - apply early for up to 48 hours
Cold water immersion - 10 mins at around 10C
Cryokinetics - ice application followed by rehab exercises
Cryo Stretching - cold application and stretching to reduce muscle tension and increase ROM
68
what is heat therapy
Use of heat to reduce tension, stiffness and pain
Vasodilates vessels to increase blood flow and promote healing
69
what does heat therapy include
Includes heat packs, rubs, hot towels for up to 20 minutes at a time
70
how do you do contrast therapy
How to do it….
Use of cold and hot therapy eg. immerse the injury in cold/ice water followed by warm water/heat pack.
3-5 days after injury has occurred and swelling has reduced.
Used in conjunction with mobilising exercises.
Cold:warm ratio from 1:3 to 1:4 minutes
71
why do you do contrast therapy
Cold vasoconstricts blood vessels and the heat vasodilates blood vessels causing a pumping action which increases blood flow/oxygen/nutrients to damaged tissue.
72
what are the benefits and risks of cold therapy
benefits
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
Reduce blood flow
Reduce pain and swelling
risks
Tissue and nerve damage
Skin burns/abrasions
73
what are the benefits and risks of heat
benefits
Vasodilation of blood vessels
Increasing blood flow
Reduces tension
Reduces pain and soreness
risks
Increased swelling and pain after
74
what are the benefits and risks of contrast
Large increases in blood flow and nutrient delivery to damaged area.
Reduces swelling and pain
risk
Incorrect application can cause swelling (heat) or tissue damage
75
what are anti-inflammatory drugs
Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the form of pills or medication such as Ibuprofen, Aspirin which is available over the counter.
Reduce the inflammatory response and temperature.
Inhibit the chemical release that leads to inflammation and interferes with pain signals.
76
what are the risks anti-inflammatory drugs
Overuse can lead to glycaemic index problems, bleeding, shock, stroke, heart attack
Can cause side-effects, such as heartburn/nausea/diarrhoea/headaches or long-term problems such as gastro-intenstinal problems
May result in further damage (to ankle if performer returns to training too early) as the injury is only masked or hidden.
Long-term use should be avoided and monitored by a doctor.
77
what is physiotherapy
The treatment of injury or disease by a qualified professional
78
how do treatments of musculoskeletal injuries occur
Mobilisation and manipulation of joints/ tissue
Electrotherapy to repair and stimulate tissue
Exercise Therapy to stretching muscles
Massage to stretch and relax tissues, relieve pain and improve circulation
Sports-specific rehab
Posture and alignment training - to release tension and reduce ROI
79
what are the physio phases
1st PHASE
Pain relief/ reduce swelling/ ice/ sling
2ND PHASE
Tailored exercises to maintain strength and movement
3rd PHASE
Restore normal ROM, muscle length, connective tissue
Mobilise joint & strengthen injured area
80
what is surgery used for
Used for more severe injuries eg.
Knee ligament surgery/ Meniscal tear
81
how do hard ttissue surgical intervention work
Incision made to open a joint to access it.
Realign fractured/dislocated bones
Use plates/pins/rods/wires to stabilise fractures/dislocations
Arthroscopy/keyhole surgery to access the injury. A small incision and cameras used to access injury and be less invasive.
Knee/Meniscus repaired by trimming, resurfacing the meniscus/cartilage.
Shoulders - used to repair bankart lesion (damage to the cartilage that holds to head of humerus in place). Damage to this cartilage can lead to recurrent shoulder dislocation so fixing this surgically hopefully reduces this.
