Injury

Question 1

How many types of injury classifications are there

Answer 1

3 and these are…
Whether it is acute or chronic
By tissue
By diagnosis

Question 2

Injury classification (acute and chronic)

Answer 2

Acute- happen in the moment
Chronic- slow sustained development culminating in inflammation

Question 3

Injury classification by tissue

Answer 3

Hard tissue- bone
Soft tissue- muscle, ligament, tendon, cartilage

Question 4

What are common symptoms of soft tissue injuries

Answer 4

• pain
• lack of movement
• swelling
• heat

Question 5

Injury classification by diagnosis

Answer 5

Open- skin is broken and is usually bleeding
Closed- the skin remains intact

Question 6

What is the difference between a fracture and a break

Answer 6

They are the same but different language is used

Question 7

What is a fracture

Answer 7

It is caused by external forces such as a fall…
It can be open and closed

Question 8

What are the 2 types of fractures and what are they

Answer 8

Compound fracture-
This is a break which is open where the bone penetrates the skin

Closed simple fracture-
A clean internal break to the bone

Question 9

What is a green stick fracture

Answer 9

This is a partial break to the bone

Question 10

What is dislocation

Answer 10

Where bones at a joint are forced out of its normal position

Question 11

Soft tissue injury (muscle) strain

Answer 11

-Strain is a muscle torn due to overloading (lengthening)
- this is caused by an ineffective warm up or stretchy

Question 12

Soft tissue injury (ligament) Sprain

Answer 12

This is a torn ligament due to a twisting at a joint e.g. twisted ankle
Caused by a fall or misplaced footing, loss of balance

An example of this is ACL- anterior cruciate ligament strain

Question 13

Soft tissue injury (ligament) categories

Answer 13

Grade 1- mild damage where the joint remains stable
Grade 2- ligament has stretched where there is a partial tear and the joint is loose’
Grade 3- there is a complete tear (rupture)

Question 14

Soft tissue injury (tendon) tendon tear

Answer 14

This is a complete or partial tear of the tendon
And this is caused by a excessive force whilst the muscle is lengthening

Question 15

Tennis elbow (chronic injury)

Answer 15

Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis) is the inflammation of forearm extensor muscle origins at the lateral epicondyle, causing pain and tenderness in the outer elbow and upper forearm. It’s caused by repetitive stress at the muscle-tendon junction.

Question 16

Golfers elbow (chronic injury)

Answer 16

This is the inflammation of flexor forearm muscles causing medial elbow pain

It is caused by repetitive stress at the muscle tendon junction and its origin at the medial epicondyle

Question 17

Tests for tennis elbow

Answer 17

Mill’s Test:
Arm straight, forearm pronated, wrist fully flexed while palpating lateral epicondyle. Pain indicates a positive test.

Cozen’s Test:
Elbow at 90°, forearm pronated, fist made with radial deviation. Resisted wrist extension causes lateral epicondyle pain = positive result.

Question 18

Shin splints

Answer 18

Shin splints (medial tibial stress syndrome):
Pain along the tibia caused by overuse during exercise. Often due to periostitis – inflammation of the bone lining. Repetitive stress breaks down tissues faster than they can heal, leading to inflammation of the periosteum and tendon insertions, resulting in ongoing pain and injury.

Question 19

What are the stages of injury

Answer 19

Inflamatory phase-
- this is up to 72 hours
- trauma is bleeding and swelling
- use ice within the first 72 hours then use heat after

Proliferation phase-
- the laying down of new tissue (scar tissue)
-up to 8 weeks (use heat)

Remodeling phase-
- maturation of scar tissue (strength and extensibility)
- up to 1 year or longer

Question 20

Injury treatment and rehab -the police principle

Answer 20

POLICE Principle (Injury Treatment & Rehab):
• Protection: Rest the injured area, use crutches or a brace if needed, and allow a few days of rest before starting gentle motion.
• Optimal Loading: Begin gentle, controlled movements to encourage healing without overloading the injury. Gradually progress from passive to active range of motion (ROM).
• Ice: Apply ice to reduce swelling and pain in the acute phase of injury.
• Compression: Use an ACE bandage or ice tape to reduce swelling and provide support while icing.
• Elevation: Raise the injured area (e.g., ankle on pillows, arm on a support) to help reduce swelling and promote recovery.

Question 21

Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments (physiotherapy)

Answer 21

This is a branch of medicine that remediates impairments and promotes mobility and function

Question 22

Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments cryotherapy

Answer 22

Cryotherapy (Contemporary Treatment for Injury and Rehabilitation):

Cryotherapy uses cold temperatures to treat injuries.

Benefits:
• Decreases metabolic activity and slows physiological processes.
• Acts as an analgesic by slowing nerve activity, reducing pain.
• Reduces swelling and minimizes tissue breakdown.
• Constriction of blood vessels during cold phase, followed by dilation in the warm phase, helps flush waste products (like lactic acid) from affected tissues.

Good for:
• Soft tissue injuries
• Wrist, knees, ankle

Question 23

Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments hydrotherapy water based therapy

Answer 23

-Water based training minimizes the impact on joint, muscles and other connective tissues

Benefits
- it can facilitate optimal loading
- can maintain cv fitness without exposing damaged tissues to further trauma
- minimizes the impact on joints, muscles and other connective tissues
- water can create resistance (intensity) to movement

Good for…
- joint
- muscle
- connective tissues

Question 24

Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments ultrasound

Answer 24

-This is acoustic sound waves that generate mechanical disruption of deep tissue
- a gel is used on the surface of the skin to reduce friction
- it was very popular a decade ago but its used more sparingly now

Benefits-
- acts as a pro inflammatory process which stimulates white blood cell activity
- it can increase the extensibility of tissues which through injury scarring can incur reduced mobility
- it speeds up recovery

Good for all injuries

Question 25

Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments massage

Answer 25

This is the applying of mechanical pressure to soft tissues and it is believed to result in a decrease of muscle stiffness. Benefits- - improved blood flow - increase in muscle temperature - reduces heart rate

Question 26

Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments electrostimulation

Answer 26

Electrostimulation (Contemporary Treatment for Injury and Rehabilitation): Electrostimulation involves placing electrodes on the skin to emit a current that triggers muscle contractions and can be used to manage pain and aid recovery. Benefits: • Provides pain relief. • Assists in muscular recovery. • Can be used to support overload training for strength. TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation): • Primarily for pain relief. • The electrical impulses create a vibration sensation that follows the same pathway as the pain, blocking it from reaching the brain. • Typically uses 4 pads arranged in a cross pattern to target pain areas. • No visible muscle contraction should occur. EMS (Electrical Muscle Stimulation): • Designed to stimulate muscle contraction to aid in recovery or strength building. • Uses 2 pads to target muscle areas. • Muscle contractions should be visible as the stimulation causes the muscle to contract and relax. • Can be paired with exercise to enhance effectiveness during the stimulation.

Question 27

Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments hyperbaric chambers/o2 tents

Answer 27

-This the high pressure of o2 chambers and promotes recovery -Research has found that increasing the po2 can promote increased healing Benefits- - 25x more o2 delivery to tissues - it stimulates blood vessel growth - it speeds up recovery (DOMS) - it decreases swelling

Question 28

Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments heat therapy

Answer 28

This shouldn’t be used immediately following injury when bleeding/swelling is still active Benefits- -Blood flow increases - hormone release

Question 29

Injury and rehabilitation- contemporary treatments compression clothing

Answer 29

This is clothing that compresses the limb/skin Benefits- - increase venous return and vo2 max during exercise - reduces swelling - it increases heat protection

Question 30

How to reduce the risk of injury

Answer 30

- protective equipment - conditioning - muscle balance - technique - managing risks

Question 31

What is doms what

Answer 31

DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness): DOMS refers to the muscle pain experienced 24 to 48 hours after intense or unfamiliar exercise, particularly after activities involving eccentric muscle contractions (e.g., lowering weights, running downhill). Causes: • Micro-tears in muscle fibers, especially during eccentric movements. • Excessive lactate and H+ accumulation in muscles, contributing to pain and inflammation. Key Points: • Eccentric contractions cause muscle fibers to be stretched and put under stress, leading to soreness. • DOMS is a normal response to increased intensity or new exercises, contributing to muscle adaptation.

Question 32

How to reduce DOMS

Answer 32

- cryotherapy (ice baths) . This decreases metabolic activity and it slows down physiological processes, reduce swelling and tissue breakdown and constricts blood vessels during the cold phase and flushes waste products like lactic acid out of the affected tissues during the warm phase - cool down - compression clothing . It can increase venous return and vo2 max during exercise - massage

Question 33

What is eimd

Answer 33

- Exercise induced muscle damage this happens during exercise It refers to the structural damage and functional disruption that occurs in muscle fibers following intense or prolonged physical activity especially activities involving eccentric contractions