Injury Rehabilitation

Question 1

What 2 factors can cause a sport related injury?

Answer 1

1. Physical dysfunction e.g. muscle imbalance, collisions and overtraining
2. Psychological issues e.g. high levels of stress, poor coping strategies

Question 2

Draw the model of stress and athletic injury and who is it by?

Answer 2

see flashcard

Anderson and williams (1988)

Question 3

What are the 3 history of stressors?

Answer 3

1. life events
2. daily hassles
3. previous injuries

Question 4

What are the 3 personality affects that cause injury?

Answer 4

1. anxiety
2. mood states
3. agression/anger

Question 5

What was the aim of William et al. 1991 study on “the relationship between stress and injury - reduces peripheral attention”

Answer 5

To examine the effects of life events, daily hassles (DH), and coping resources (CR) on state anxiety and peripheral vision narrowing.

Question 6

What was the methods of William et al. 1991 study on “the relationship between stress and injury - reduces peripheral attention”

Answer 6

• Recreational athletes (n=74)
• completed questionnaires to assess life events, daily hassles, state-trait anxiety
  also completed a peripheral vision test (in the form of a stroop test

Question 7

What was the results of William et al. 1991 study on “the relationship between stress and injury - reduces peripheral attention”

Answer 7

• High levels of state anxiety and stress results in reduced peripheral vision and therefore attentional disruption.

Question 8

What was the aim of Smith et al. 2000 study on the “relationship between stress and injury (interferes with coordination)”?

Answer 8

To assess the relationship between anxiety as a moderator of the stress-injury relation.

Question 9

What was the methods of Smith et al. 2000 study on the “relationship between stress and injury (interferes with coordination)”?

Answer 9

Ballet dancers (n=46) completed the multidimensional sport anxiety scale and injury occurrence was monitored over an 8 month period.

Question 10

What was the results of Smith et al. 2000 study on the “relationship between stress and injury (interferes with coordination)”?

Answer 10

High levels of anxiety resulted in higher levels of injury – increased muscle tension and interference with coordination.

Question 11

What was the aim of Maddison and Prapavessis 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”

Answer 11

To examine the role psychological factors play on the prevention of sport injuries.

Question 12

What was the methods of Maddison and Prapavessis 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”

Answer 12

• Participants (rugby players) were randomly assigned to a Cognitive Behavioural Stress Management (CBSM) or control group.
• Measurements of number of injuries and time missed were taken at the beginning and end of the season.

Question 13

What was the results of Maddison and Prapavessis 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”

Answer 13

• Results showed that those in the intervention condition reported missing less time due to injury compared to the control group.
• That stress management pre-season is viable to implement.

Question 14

What was the aim of Kerr an Goss. 1996 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

Answer 14

To examine the effect of a longitudinal stress management program on sport injuries.

Question 15

What was the methods of Kerr an Goss. 1996 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

Answer 15

• Gymnasts (n=24) were split into an experimental group and a control group.
• The experimental group entered a stress management program. Incidence of injury was tracked over an 8 month period.

Question 16

What was the results of Kerr an Goss. 1996 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

Answer 16

• Intervention prevention program significantly lowered the number of injuries in the treatment group compared with the control group.

Question 17

What was the aim of Johnson et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

Answer 17

To examine the effectiveness of a prevention intervention program to lower the incidence of injury for soccer players with at-risk psychosocial profiles.

Question 18

What was the methods of Johnson et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

Answer 18

• Participants (n=132) were screened for psychosocial risk factors associated with injury (more cost effective).
• High risk players (n=32) were entered into two groups: experimental or control.
• Experimental group received mental skills training.

Question 19

What was the results of Johnson et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - stress management”?

Answer 19

• Intervention prevention program significantly lowered the number of injuries in the treatment group compared with the control group.

Question 20

What research evidence supports the idea that enhancing social support enhances coping strategies?

Answer 20

¥ Smith et al., (1990) proposed that training coaches to enhance social support would decrease the incidence of injury.
¥ Nideffer (1981) proposed that team building could enhance the feeling of social support and decrease injury incidence.

Question 21

What was the aim of Arnason et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - increase awareness of injury risk”?

Answer 21

To test the effect of a video-based awareness program on the incidence of injuries in soccer.

Question 22

What was the methods of Arnason et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - increase awareness of injury risk”?

Answer 22

• Participants (n=271) were split into an intervention or control group.
• The intervention included information on the injury risk of playing elite soccer, typical injuries, and their mechanisms.
• During the season acute injury incidence was reported.

Question 23

What was the results of Arnason et al. 2005 study on “intervention to prevent injury - increase awareness of injury risk”?

Answer 23

• No significant difference between groups – informative interventions are not enough to reduce injury incidence.
• Formative not enough on its own… might want to do it in conjunction with psychological skills training for higher risk athletes.

Question 24

Outline the components of the GRIEF response to injury

Answer 24

1. Denial – about extent and severity of injury
2. Anger – realised the severity and coming to terms with the effect, the cause of injury could affect anger levels e.g. external or internal cause
3. Bargaining – trying to realise what they need to do to recover quickly
4. Depression – if they get setbacks in their rehabilitation
5. Acceptance and reorganisation – plan and set goals for rehab

Question 25

What are the psychological reactions to injury?

Answer 25

1. Injury relevant information processing – pain, extent of injury, how/why it happened. 2. Emotional upheaval and reactive behaviour – emotionally agitated; shock, disbelief, isolation, denial, self-pity. 3. Positive outlook and coping – acceptance and coping efforts.

Question 26

What are the other psychological reactions to injury?

Answer 26

1. Identity loss – reduction in self-worth 2. Fear and Anxiety – maybe fear of re-injury 3. Lack of confidence – can lead to reduction in motivation and adherence to intervention 4. Performance decrements – due to lack of training

Question 27

What are the specific stress sources identified during rehabilitation?

Answer 27

1. Fear of re-injury 2. Feeling that hopes and dreams were shattered – intervention = set goals 3. Watching others getting to perform/improve – reduce vicarious experience/negative vicarious experience 4. Lack of attention/isolation 5. Rehabilitation difficulties e.g. slow progress 6. Pain 7. Financial worries 8. Career difficulties

Question 28

What are the signs of an athlete having poor adjustment to injury?

Answer 28

¥ Feelings of anger or confusion ¥ Obsession with the question of when they can return to play – likely to go back to training too early ¥ Denial (prolonged) ¥ Repeatedly coming back too soon and experiencing re-injury ¥ Dwelling on minor physical incompetence ¥ Guilt about letting the team down ¥ Withdrawl from significant others ¥ Rapid mood swings ¥ Statements indicating that no matter what they do, recovery will not occur

Question 29

What are the 3 phrases in the process of recovery that a sports psychologist can intervene?

Answer 29

1. injury or illness phase: help athlete with emotional upheaval that accompanies injury 2. rehab and recovery: help the athlete sustain motivation and adherence to rehab protocols 3. return to the full activity: full recovery is not complete until athlete returns to normal functioning within sport

Question 30

What is the aim of Levela and Orlick. (1991) study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - rate of recovery?

Answer 30

Do psychological strategies influence rate of recovery in knee and ankle injuries?

Question 31

What is the methods of Levela and Orlick. (1991) study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - rate of recovery?

Answer 31

- articipants from a sports medicine clinic (n=32) | - completed interviews about psychological skills they were already using

Question 32

What is the results of Levela and Orlick. (1991) study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - rate of recovery?

Answer 32

- Fast-healing athletes used more goal setting, positive self-talk and healing imagery than slow-healing athletes

Question 33

What is the aim of Cupal and Brewer. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - reduce anxiety?

Answer 33

To examine the effects of imagery and relaxation on knee strength, anxiety and pain after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Question 34

What is the methods of Cupal and Brewer. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - reduce anxiety?

Answer 34

- Participants (n=30) in rehabilitation for ACL rehabilitation were assigned to one of three groups; Intervention, placebo or control.

Question 35

What is the results of Cupal and Brewer. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - reduce anxiety?

Answer 35

- Intervention group reported less anxiety - and showed greater knee strength than placebo and control group. - Physical and psychological benefits of PST.

Question 36

What is the aim of Scherzer et al. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - increase adherence?

Answer 36

To examine the effects of self-reported use of psychological skills and rehabilitation adherence.

Question 37

What is the methods of Scherzer et al. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - increase adherence?

Answer 37

- Participants undergoing ACL reconstruction rehabilitation (n=45) - completed interviews (Sport Injury Survey) - and adherence to rehabilitation was monitored.

Question 38

What is the results of Scherzer et al. 2001 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - increase adherence?

Answer 38

- Goal setting and positive self-talk were positively related to home rehabilitation completion and program adherence.

Question 39

What is the aim of Theodorakis et al. 1996 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - goal setting?

Answer 39

To examine the effect of goal setting on injury rehabilitation.

Question 40

What is the methods of Theodorakis et al. 1996 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - goal setting?

Answer 40

- Participants with a knee injury (n=32), - participants without a knee injury (n=29) - control participants (n=30) - completed assessments of knee strength (4 trials). - Before the third and fourth trials participants (injured and non-injured) set personal goals and completed SE and SS scales.

Question 41

What is the results of Theodorakis et al. 1996 study on the role of sports psychologist in injury rehabilitation - goal setting?

Answer 41

setting personal goals had immediate effects on the output dynamometer and improvements in self-efficacy

Question 42

What are the role of a sports psychology in injury rehabilitation?

Answer 42

¥ Build rapport with the injured person – empathy, emotional support, various means of contact. ¥ Educate the injured person about the injury and recovery process – how long, what it entails. ¥ Teach specific psychological coping skills – goal setting (Theordorakis et al., 1996), positive self-talk, imagery and relaxation (Ievleva and Orlick, 1991). ¥ Teach how to cope with setbacks – encouragements and positive attitude. ¥ Foster social support – coach, peers, family. ¥ Learn from injured athletes.