Innate

Question 1

fever makes macrophages produce which three cytokines? what syndrome comes from these?

Answer 1

Il-1, Il-6, TNF (these also activate acute phase proteins)

sickness behavior syndrome: fever, lethargy, anorexia, depression, cognitive impairment

Question 2

most important PAMP for macrophage and cytokine production?

Answer 2

lipopolysaccharides (found on gram negative bac)

Question 3

TLR can signal which two transcription factors? What do they lead to?

Answer 3

NF-KB leads to increase in cytokines and adhesion mcules, INFLAMMATION
Interferon regulatory factors lead to increase in anti-viral cytokines (INF-a,B), which are type 1 interferons (considered “non” immune bc made by all cells)

Question 4

which cells can make NFKB?

Answer 4

dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes `

Question 5

PAMPs activate nod like receptors (NLRs) and inflammasomes. What do these do?

Answer 5

NLR: acts as scaffolding protein and triggers NFKB and MAPK pathways.
inflammasome: leads to IL-8 and IL-B productions, these are cytokines that lead to inflammation

Question 6

Heat shock proteins and high mobility group box 1 are examples of what? They activate NFKB through which receptors? Uric acid activates NFKB through which receptor?

Answer 6

DAMPS. They activate through TLR2 and 4.

uric acid: NLRP3.

Question 7

DAMPs stimulate production and release of which inflammatory regulators?

Answer 7

TNF-a and IL-1

Question 8

what are the three pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) responses in phagocytes

Answer 8

migration if bound to 7 a-helix receptor, killing of bacteria via cytokines and ROS if bound to TLR, killing of bacteria through phagocytosis if bound to mannose receptor

Question 9

macrophages’s role as a sentinel cell?

Answer 9

• recognize DAMPS and PAMPs
• release inflammatory markers (cytokines, NO, defensins, ROI, prostaglandins)
• tissue repair
• present antigen to lymphocytes
• immunomodulation

Question 10

what does histamine do? what cells produce it?

Answer 10

mast cells and basophils

Question 11

NK and T cells make a cytokine that macrophages have a receptor for. What is it?

Answer 11

INF-y

Question 12

anti-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 12

interleukin 10 and TGF-B

Question 13

functions of complement system

c3a, c3b, c5a, c5b

Answer 13

c3a: inflammation and chemotaxis
c3b: opsonized pathogen for phagocytosis, also formed c5convertase with c5b
c5a: inflammation and chemotaxis
c5b: initiates MAC formation

Question 14

how do neutrophils get into cells?

Answer 14

1. Il-1 and TNF-a produced by macrophages and mast cells activate epithelial cells to increase surface expression of P-selectin and E-selectin adhesion mcules.
2. PS and ES bind to ligands (PSGL-1) and (ESL-1) on neutrophils, so neutrophils slow down and roll
3. neutrophil’s integrins (leukocyte function associated antigen - LFA1 and very late antigen - VLA1) get activated when chemokines bind to neutrophil receptors, leads to TIGHT binding on epithelial cells
4. diapedesis
5. chemotaxis by IL-8

Question 15

phagocytosis can destroy microbes in what two ways

Answer 15

1. ingest microbe –> phagosome fuses with lysosome
2. oxygen dependent killing is a product of respiratory burst.
   - O2 consumption increases
   - superoxide anion produced
   - H2O2 produces due to superoxide dismutase (H2O2 can become OH or OCl- and myeloperoxidase catalyzes toxic peroxidation in presence of radicals)