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HDM Exam 1 > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Type I Interferons

A

Block viral replication within host cells.

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2
Q

NK cells

A

Kill virally infected cells.

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3
Q

PAMPs

A

Indicators of pathogens that are not found on eukaryotic cells. Without them, the pathogen dies.

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4
Q

PRRs

A

Cell receptors that recognize PAMPs.

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5
Q

Mannose receptor

A

A PRR that recognizes glycans with a terminal mannose (which does not exist in eukaryotic cells).

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6
Q

PRRs are ______ encoded, meaning they have little variability between people:

A

Germ-line n-formyl met receptor.

TLRs, mannose receptor,

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7
Q

TLRs

A

Type of PRR.
Can be found on CM or in endosome.
9 exist.

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8
Q

CM TLRs (5)

A 
TLR 1
TLR 2
TLR 4
TLR 5
TLR 6
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9
Q

Endosomal TLRs (4)

A

TLR 3
TLR 7
TLR 8
TLR 9

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10
Q

TLR 1:TLR 2 heterdimer

A

Ligand: Lipopeptides, GPI

Cells carrying receptor: All myeloid lineage.

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11
Q

TLR 2:TLR 6 heterdimer

A

Ligand: Lipoteichoic acid, zymosan.

Cells carrying receptor: All myeloid lineage.

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12
Q

TLR 3

A

Ligand: dsRNA

Cells carrying receptor: NK cells

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13
Q

TLR 4: TLR 4 homodimer

A

Ligand: LPS

Cells carrying receptor: Mo, DCs, MCs, eosinophils.

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14
Q

TLR 5

A

Ligand: Flagellin

Cells carrying receptor: intestinal epithelium

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15
Q

TLR 7

A

Ligand: ssRNA

Cells carrying receptor: DCs, NK cells, eosinophils

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16
Q

TLR 8

A

Ligand: ssRNA

Cells carrying receptor: NK cells

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17
Q

TLR 9

A

Ligand: CpG-rich DNA

Cells carrying receptor: DCs, NK cells, eosinophils

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18
Q

MyD88 dependent signaling

A

Used by TLRs 1,2,5,6,7,8,9 to activate NK-kB and IRF, which are transcription proteins.

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19
Q

TRIF dependent signaling

A

Uses only adapter protein TRIF to activate NK-kB and IRFs

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20
Q

MyD88/TRIF dependent signaling

A

Used by TLR4 to activate NK-kB and IRFs

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21
Q

Bacteria bind which TLRs?

A

1,2,4,5,9

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22
Q

Viruses bind which TLRs?

A

3,7,8,9

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23
Q

Fungi bind which TLRs?

A

2,6

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24
Q

NF-kB and IRF activation results in:

A

Transcription of pro-inflammatory genes

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25
DAMPs
Generated by necrosis. | Damaged cells will give off DAMPs.
26
HMGB1
DAMP protein. Binds RAGE. Activates NK-kB pathway.
27
Uric acid
DAMP molecule. | Activates NK-kB pathway.
28
HSPs
DAMP molecule. | Induce NF-kB pathway and release of inflammatory cytokines
29
NLRs
Intracellular proteins that function like TLRs. Help assemble signaling platforms that induce NF-kB pathway and MAPK pathway. Control activation of inflammatory caspaces.
30
Inflammasome
Formed by NLRs. | Activate caspace-1.
31
Caspace-1 function
Activate IL-1B and IL-18, which drive inflammation.
32
Components of the Scavenger receptor family (3)
SR Class A type I SR Class A type II MARCO
33
Function of SRs
Bind bacterial constituents based on negative charges. | W/O it, pt's are at a higher risk for infection.
34
C-Lectin family of PRRs
Bind carbs on pathogens.
35
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
Involved in complement activation in the lectin pathway.
36
Defensins
Produced by epithelial cells and granulocytes. Directly toxic to microbes. Kill microbes by disrupting the membrane integrity. Regulate activation of immune cells in inflammatory response to microbes.
37
Cathelicidins
Produced by neutrophils and epithelial cells. Have a big anti-inflammatory role by blocking inflammasome activation. Bind LPS.
38
Classical DCs reside in:
Skin, mucosa, organ parenchyma. | When activated, they migrate to LNs to display Ag to T cells.
39
Plasmacytoid DCs function:
Early responders in viral infection. | Recognize nucleic acids of IC viruses and produce interferons.
40
Mast cells overview
Located near BVs. | Release histamine, serotonin, tryptase, chymase, and PGD2 and LKB4.
41
The ability of NK cells to kill target cells is inversely related to:
Amount of MHC I molecules displayed.
42
Types of NK receptors (2)
Activating and Inhibiting
43
NK Activating receptors
Recognize ligands on NK cells and activate PTKs. | Termed "KIRs".
44
NK Inhibiting receptors
Recognize MHC I receptors. | If they recognize MHC I, they will activate PTP and not kill self cell.
45
How do NK cells kill infected cells? (4)
1. Release perforins and create hole. 2. Granzymes enter perforin hole and begin apoptosis in infected cell. 3. Cell dies. 4. Macrophage engulfs and digests cell.
46
Function of IFN-y
Secreted by NK cells to activate Mo to phagocytose the infected cell.
47
3 pathways of complement activation
Alternative pathway Classical pathway Lectin pathway
48
Classical pathway
Ag-Ab complex on cell surface causes cascade.
49
Alternative pathway
C3 dissociates to C3a and C3b. | C3b binds cell surface and causes cascade.
50
Lectin pathway
Lectin binds carbs on the cell surface and causes cascade.
51
MAC structure and function
Contains C5b, C6, C7, C8 and C9. | Creates transmembrane channels leading to lysis.
52
Main functions of complement (3)
1. Cause lysis of bacteria. 2. Opsonization and phagocytosis. 3. Chemotactic anaphylatoxin (release of granules)
53
Acute phase proteins (APPs) are produced in the:
Liver | Accompany inflammation.
54
What regulates APPs?
IL-6
55
CRP and mannose binding protein function to:
Fix complement.
56
All cytokines, except ______, are sourced from macrophages:
IFN-y
57
All cytokines are inflammatory, except: (2)
Interleukin 10 and TGF-b
58
Function of IL-1b
Activates vascular endothelium, lymphocytes. | Leads to local tissue destruction.
59
TNF-a
Activates vascular endothelium and increases permeability. | Increases IgG, complement, and cells to tissues.
60
IL-6
Activates leukocytes and increases Ab production.
61
IL-8
Recruits immune cells to site of infection.
62
IL-12
Activates NK cells
63
ES and PS are expressed on:
Endothelial cells. They are upregulated at times of infection and begin "rolling process" by binding ligands on neutrophils.
64
ICAM-1 and VCAM are expressed on:
Leukocytes. | When they slow down, they are bound tightly to ligands on endothelial cells.
65
MIP 1-a and MIP 1-b are:
Chemoattractants for monocytes.
66
Type I IFNs
Induce expression of proteins that interfere with viral replication. Activate NK cells.
67
Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) prevents:
RNA translation
68
RNaseL function
Mediate viral RNA degredation.
69
4 main strategies for evading the immune system:
1. Resist phagocytosis 2. Resistance to ROSs 3. Resistance to complement 4. Resistance to antibiotics

HDM Exam 1 (8 decks)

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