Innate Immune System Exam 1

Question 1

In general, what three things is the innate immune system made of?

Answer 1

Complement proteins
Professional phagocytes
Natural killer cells

Question 2

What is the main function of the complement system?

Answer 2

Act as chemical signals to attract phagocytes and make MACs

Question 3

What are MACs?

Answer 3

Membrane attack complexes

Poke holes in bad guys

Question 4

How many proteins are in the complement system?

Answer 4

About 20 proteins made in the liver

Question 5

What are the 3 pathways in complement system?

Answer 5

Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway
Classical pathway

Question 6

Of the complement system pathways, which are antibody independent?

Answer 6

Alternative pathway

Lectin pathway

Question 7

In this pathway, the liver is showering the body with the production of complement proteins

Answer 7

Alternate pathway

Question 8

In the alternate pathway, C3 (most abundant complement protein) floats around a spontaneously splits into what?

Answer 8

C3a and C3b

Question 9

What are two events that will happen to C3b?

Answer 9

Get neutralized by water immediately

Or bind to a bad guy’s surface

Question 10

When C3 binds to a bad guy, what sites will it attach to?

Answer 10

The amino or hydroxyl groups

Question 11

What other complement protein attaches to C3b?

Answer 11

B to become C3Bb

Question 12

What complement protein comes along and changes C3Bb?

Answer 12

D

Question 13

What is the reason that C3bBb causes other C3 complement proteins to split?

Answer 13

To produce more C3bBb proteins to coat the invader

Question 14

C2bBb interacts with C5 producing C5b which combines with what other complement proteins?

Answer 14

C6, C7, C8, and C9

Question 15

When C5b combines with the other complement proteins, what is formed?

Answer 15

MACs

Question 16

What is the purpose of C3a and C5a?

Answer 16

Attract and activate macrophages and neutrophils

Question 17

What are the three protection proteins that act to make sure our cells are not destroyed?

Answer 17

MCP
DAF
Protectin

Question 18

This protection protein turns C3b into an inactive form

Answer 18

MCP

Question 19

This protection protein accelerates the destruction of convertase (C3bBb)

Answer 19

DAF

decay accelerating factor

Question 20

This protection protein removes MACs before they drill holes

Answer 20

Protectin (CD59)

Question 21

What is the name of the main protein in teh lectin activation pathway?

Answer 21

Mannose-binding lectin protein (MBL)

Question 22

MLB binds to mannose to activate what system?

Answer 22

Complement system

Question 23

Mannose is a monosaccharide found on the surfaces of what pathogens?

Answer 23

Yeasts
Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites

Question 24

What are the two most important professional phagocytes?

Answer 24

Macrophages and neutrophils

Question 25

Which phagocyte roams around tissue?

Answer 25

Macrophage

Question 26

Which phagocytes is in blood and short-lived?

Answer 26

Neutrophils

Question 27

What is the three stages of macrophages?

Answer 27

Resting Activated or primed Hyperactive

Question 28

Describe resting macrophages

Answer 28

Casually eating, slowly proliferating, expressing very few Class II MHCs, and can live for months in tissue

Question 29

When do macrophages enter the primed stage?

Answer 29

After receiving a signal that bad guys are in the area

Question 30

What chemical signal can prime a macrophage?

Answer 30

Interferon gamma

Question 31

When do macrophages enter the hyperactive stage?

Answer 31

After receiving a direct signal from a bad guy: LPS or mannose from a bacterial cell wall

Question 32

Describe the hyperactive stage in macrophages

Answer 32

Stops proliferating, grows larger to kill more cells, and emits cytokines

Question 33

In hyperactive macrophages, what two cells increase?

Answer 33

Lysosomes | ROS

Question 34

Besides eating bad guys, what else can a hyperactive macrophage do?

Answer 34

Dump its toxic contents on a bad guy

Question 35

When is a macrophage a garbage collector

Answer 35

Resting

Question 36

When is a macrophage an antigen presenting cell and killer

Answer 36

Activated

Question 37

When is a macrophage a viscous killer

Answer 37

Hyperactivated

Question 38

What is the most common WBC?

Answer 38

Neutrophil | 20 billion in the blood

Question 39

What is the average life of a neutrophil?

Answer 39

Short, about 5 days

Question 40

Do neutrophils present antigens?

Answer 40

No

Question 41

Which cells present antigens?

Answer 41

Dendritic, macrophages, and B cells

Question 42

When neutrophils are signaled that bad guys are present, what is their strategy for exiting the blood?

Answer 42

Roll, stop, exit strategy

Question 43

What are the four adhesion molecules that allow neutrophils to exit the blood?

Answer 43

SEL SLIG ICAM INT

Question 44

This is expressed by endothelial cells that line blood vessels after receiving alarm signals

Answer 44

Selectin SEL

Question 45

These are expressed on the surface of neutrophils

Answer 45

Selectin ligand SLIG

Question 46

These are expressed on lumen surface of capillary endothelial cells

Answer 46

Intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM

Question 47

These strongly bind to ICAM after being signaled to the surface of a neutrophil

Answer 47

Integrin INT

Question 48

What two molecules do macrophages release to let the neutrophil know that bad guys are present?

Answer 48

IL-1 | TNF

Question 49

Capillary endothelial cells express this molecule, but it takes about 6 hours

Answer 49

Selectin SEL

Question 50

SEL on capillaries binds to this on the neutrophil

Answer 50

SLIG

Question 51

When integrin binds to this, the neutrophil stops

Answer 51

ICAM

Question 52

This is a term for squeezing through the cell wall

Answer 52

Diapedesis

Question 53

Which molecule is on the endothelial capillary cells at all times?

Answer 53

ICAM

Question 54

Which molecule is on the neutrophil at all times?

Answer 54

SLIG

Question 55

What two molecules must be expressed before neutrophils invade?

Answer 55

SEL and INT

Question 56

There are about 20 billion neutrophils where?

Answer 56

In blood

Question 57

What are three characteristics of neutrophils?

Answer 57

Incredible eaters Emit harsh chemistry Send out powerful signal molecules (TNF)

Question 58

What is another name for natural killer cells?

Answer 58

Lymphocytes

Question 59

Do natural killer cells live for a long or short period?

Answer 59

Short-lived (one week)

Question 60

What are two roles of natural killer cells?

Answer 60

Give off cytokines | Force cells to commit suicide

Question 61

This is part of natural killer cells that poke holes in the membrane and inject enzymes that cause the cell to die

Answer 61

Perforin

Question 62

This is part of the tumor necrosis family on a natural killer cell that binds and triggers apoptosis

Answer 62

Fas ligand

Question 63

These emit a don't kill signal

Answer 63

MHC I receptors

Question 64

Describe the resting state of natural killer cells

Answer 64

Make some cytokines and can kill

Question 65

Describe the activated state of natural killer cells

Answer 65

Make many more cytokines and kill better

Question 66

List 4 signals that activate natural killer cells

Answer 66

Lack of MHCs LPS (component of bac cell walls) Interferon alpha Interferon beta