innate immunity Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
the response is the
A
same regardless of the type of threat
2
Q
these defenses are present at
A
birth
3
Q
they provide nonspecific
A
resistance
4
Q
how many majoy innate defenses are there
A
7
5
Q
the 7 major innate defenses
A
- physical barriers
- phagocytes
- immune surveillance
- interferons
- complement
- inflammation
- fever
6
Q
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
the epithelial covering of the skin protects
A
underlying tissues
resistance of skin to invasion by organisms
7
Q
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
what layer of the epithelial covering provides a physical barrier
A
horny layer
8
Q
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
the epithelial lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts along with the
A
basement membrane and secretions protect the epithelia
9
Q
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
hairs on our body against
A
mechanical injury
10
Q
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
secretions of sebaceous and sweat glands wash away
A
microorganisms and chemicals
11
Q
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
sebaceous and sweat glands contain chemicals that kill
A
bacteria and antibodies
12
Q
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
lysozyme in tears, sweat, saliva, nasal secretions removes
A
bacteria
13
Q
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
mucus lining of the digestive tract, respiratory tracts, HCl produced by gastric glands, glandular secretions of the reproductive tract all play an important role to
A
destroy pathogens
14
Q
- PHYSICAL BARRIERS
destruction of swallowed organisms by the
A
acid secretions of stomach and digestive enzymes
15
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
phagocytosis of bacteria and other invaders by
A
tissue macrophage system
16
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
phagocytes are the
A
first line of cellular defense
17
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
2 types of phagocytic cells
A
microphages
macrophages
18
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
microphages are neutrophils and eosinophils which the
A
infected peripheral tissue
19
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
neutrophils phagocytize
A
cellular debris or invading bacteria
20
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
eosinophils attack
A
pathogens coated with anitbodies
21
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
macrophages are
A
large, active phagocytic cells derived from monocytes
22
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
macrophages are either
A
fixed or mobile
23
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
macrophages are found in almost every
A
tissue
24
Q
- PHAGOCYTES
this collection of phagocytes is called
A
monocyte-macrophage system or reticuloendothelial system
25
2. PHAGOCYTES
fixed macrophages in the central nervous system are
microglia
26
2. PHAGOCYTES
what are the cells found in the liver called
kupffer cells
27
2. PHAGOCYTES
macrophages are found scattered
among connective tissue,
reticular layers of dermis, subarachnoid space of the
meninges and in bone marrow.
28
2. PHAGOCYTES
free microphages travel
throughout the body
29
2. PHAGOCYTES
alveolar macrophages are known as
phagocytic dust cells found in alveoli
30
2. PHAGOCYTES
alveolar macrophages destroy
respiratoy pathogens
31
2. PHAGOCYTES
alveolar macrophages as
phagocytic dust cells found in alveoli
32
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
1. immune surveillance is the constant
monitoring of normal tissues by natural killer cells
33
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
2. natural killer cells are lymphocytes which destroy
abnormal cells in peripheral tissues
34
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
the detect the antigens on the
plasma membrane and respond immediately
35
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
recognize and adhere to the
target cell
36
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
golgi apparatus produces
perforins
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3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
perforins forms
pores on the plasma membrane and destroys the abnormal cells
38
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
3. attack what kind of cells
cancer cells and cells infected with viruses
39
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
can recognize the tumor-specific antigens on the
cancer cells and destroy the cells
40
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
some cancer cells avoid
detection
41
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
immunological escape is the process of
avoiding detection
42
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
once immunological escape happens, cancer cells
multiply and spread without interference of NK cells
43
3. NATURAL KILLER CELLS
4. recognize the viral antigens on the plasma membrane,
destroy them and prevent the spread of viral infection
44
4. INTERFERONS
are small proteins made and released by
lymphocytes, macrophages, and cells in response to the presence of pathogens
45
4. INTERFERONS
bind to surface receptors on the membrane of a cell and triggers the production of
anti viral proteins, which prevents viral replication inside the cell
46
4. INTERFERONS
also stimulate the activites of
macrophages and NK cells
47
4. INTERFERONS
3 types
interferon alpha
interpheron beta
interferon gamma
48
4. INTERFERONS
most cells produce interferon beta in response to
viral infection, except lymphocytes and macrophages
49
4. INTERFERONS
each type has
anti-viral effects but, they all act differently on the immune system
50
cytokines are chemical messengers released by cells to
coordinate local activities
51
defense cells secrete cytokines which act as
hormones affecting cells throughout the body
52
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
a system of about
30 proteins
produced by the liver that can be activated in various ways to destroy bacteria
53
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
they enhance
phagocytosis and action of antibodies to destroy pathogens
54
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
they interact with each other in
chain reactions or cascades
55
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
they are 2 chemical pathways to activate the complement system
classical pathway
alternative pathway
56
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
classical pathway is very
rapid and effective
57
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
complement protein C1 binds to
2 antibodies bound to antigen
58
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM:
if antibodies are absent then only
alternative pathway activates the complement system
59
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
complement protein C1 bind to 2 antibodies on the
bacterial cell wall
60
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
C1 protein acts as an enzyme catalyzing many reactions involving other complement proteins
C2
C3
C4
61
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: CLASSICAL PATHWAY
finally the inactive C3 will be converted to an
activated C3b that attaches to the bacterial cell wall
62
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
is formed only in the absence of
antibody molecules
63
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
compared to the classical pathway
slower and less effective
64
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
important in the defense against
bacteria, some parasites and virus-infected cells
65
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
on exposure to bacterial cell wall what interacts in the plasma
complement proteins
properdin (factor P)
factor B
factor D
66
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
as a result activated C3b is
attached to the bacterial cell wall
67
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM:
the final stage are the same for both
classical
alternative
68
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
complement activation brings about
pore formation
enhanced phagocytosis
histamine release
69
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
C3b once attached to the bacterial cell wall, additional complement protein join to form a
membrane attack complex (MAC)
in the membrane and cell lyses forming multiple pores in bacterium
70
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
C3b enhances
phagocytosis
71
5. COMPLEMENT SYSTEM: FUNCTION OF C3b
opsonization
coating of complement protein and antibodies and they engulf the bacteria
enhancement of phagocytosis
72
6. MAST CELLS
release histamine which
increase local
inflammation and blood flow to the region
73
6. MAST CELLS
are filled with basophil granules found in
connective
tissue and releasing histamine and other substances during
inflammatory and allergic reactions.
74
6. INFLAMMATION
a tissue response to
injury
75
6. INFLAMMATION produces
redness (rubor)
swelling (tumor)
heat (calor)
pain (dolar)
76
7. FEVER stimulates the release of
endogenous pyrogen, which is an inflammatory cytokine
