Innate Immunity

Question 1

What are the 4 barriers to Entry?

Answer 1

1. Physical Barriers
   - skin
2. Chemical Agents
   - bodily secretions (hydrolytic enzymes)
3. Physical Actions
   - Mucus in GI/respiratory tract
   - Frequent urination
4. Microbiological Barriers
   - Normal Microflora

Question 2

The subgroup of WBCs characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules

Answer 2

Granulocytes

Question 3

Where are granulocytes produced?

Answer 3

Bone Marrow

Question 4

What are the 3 granulocytes?

Answer 4

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

Question 5

What is another name for granulocytes?

Answer 5

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Question 6

what is neutropenia?

Answer 6

low number of neutrophils

Question 7

what is neutrophillia?

Answer 7

High number of neutrophils

Question 8

What is phagolysosomes?

Answer 8

Lysosomes in phagocytic cells that secret hydrolytic enzymes that can kill microbe.

Question 9

When are monocytes known as macrophages?

Answer 9

When monocytes migrate into tissues.

Question 10

Macrophage Functions

Answer 10

• Phagocytic
• Has Phagolysosomes
• professional cell-presenting

Question 11

Functions of Dendritic Cells

Answer 11

To activate T cells by presenting antigens to them

Question 12

Where are dendritic cells usually found?

Answer 12

skin and mucosal membranes

Question 13

How do dendritic cells pic up antigens?

Answer 13

Endocytosis

Question 14

Follicular Dendritic Cells

Answer 14

Special stromal cells in lymph nodes and spleen that trap antigen and present it to B-cells.

Question 15

Describe Natural Killer Cells

Answer 15

• Arise from bone marrow
• contain granules (granzyme & perforin)
• contain cell surface receptors for IgG

Question 16

NK Cell Functions

Answer 16

Destroy pathogen-infected and malignant (tumor) cells.

Question 17

What is PRR?

Answer 17

Pattern Recognition Receptors

• Proteins that recognize and interact with components specific to microbes.
• Two Types:
  1. Secreting & Circulating
  2. Transmembrane or Intracellular

Question 18

What is PAMPs?

Answer 18

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

• microbial molecules that stimulate innate immunity.

Question 19

Examples of PAMPs

Answer 19

1. LPS (endotoxin)
2. Terminal mannose on bacterial glycoproteins (peptidoglycan cell wall)
3. Viral dsRNA
4. Unmethylated DNA (CG-rich)

Question 20

What is TLR?

Answer 20

A type of PRR that are located on the cell surface or in endosomes.

Question 21

TLRs Located on Cell Surface

Answer 21

TLR-1, 2, 4, 5, 6

Question 22

TLRs Located in Endosomes

Answer 22

TLR-3, 7, 8, 9

Question 23

TLR-2 Function

Answer 23

Recognizes bacterial and parasitic glycolipids and peptidoglycans

Question 24

TLR-3, 7, 8 Function

Answer 24

Specific for viral ssRNAs and dsRNAs

Question 25

TLR-4

Answer 25

Specific for bacterial LPS (endotoxin)

Question 26

TLR-5

Answer 26

Specific for bacterial flagellar protein called flagellin

Question 27

TLR-9

Answer 27

Recognizes unmethylated CpG DNA in microbes

Question 28

What are primary reactions of innate immunity?

Answer 28

1. acute inflammation | 2. antiviral dense

Question 29

What are characteristics of Acute Inflammation?

Answer 29

Activation of leukocytes and plasma proteins at injury/infection site

Question 30

The Interferon System

Answer 30

A type of cytokines that defend against intracellular viruses.

Question 31

Type I interferons

Answer 31

IFN-a and IFN-b known as "warning proteins"

Question 32

Type II interferons

Answer 32

IFN-y

Question 33

What is APR?

Answer 33

Acute Phase Reactants - Plama proteins that accompany inflammation and injury. - Its plasma concentration increases or decreases by at least 25% during inflammatory response.

Question 34

IL-6

Answer 34

The chief stimulator of APRs.

Question 35

What is CRP?

Answer 35

C-reactive Protein - A type of APR that promotes the recognition and elimination of pathogens and enhance the clearance of necrotic/apoptotic cells. - Activates the complement system - Activation of monocytes to make cytokines.

Question 36

What is SAA?

Answer 36

Serum Amyloid A - A type of APR that influence cholesterol metabolism during inflammatory response.

Question 37

Pro-Inflammatory Roles of The Complement

Answer 37

- Chemotaxis - Plasma Protein Exudation - Opsonization

Question 38

Haptoglobin

Answer 38

Antioxidant that protect against reactive oxygen species by removing free hemoglobin (has iron).

Question 39

Hemopexin

Answer 39

Antioxidant that protect against reactive oxygen species by removing free heme (has iron)

Question 40

Hepcidin

Answer 40

Decrease serum iron by reducing intestinal iron absorption and impairing macrophages from releasing iron.

Question 41

Fibrinogen

Answer 41

Helps with Wound Healing by promoting endothelial cell proliferation.