Inorganic Chemistry

Question 1

What way can electromagnetic radiation be characterized

Answer 1

In terms of frequency and or wavelength

Question 2

What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 2

Gamma, X-Rays, Ultraviolet, visible, infrared, radio

Question 3

What units are wavelengths given in

Answer 3

Nano meters

Question 4

What property is electromagnetic radiation said to have and why

Answer 4

It is said to have dual nature because it can behave as a wave or as a particle

Question 5

Photon

Answer 5

A stream of particles that is given off when electromagnetic radiation is absorbed or emitted.

Question 6

What happens when a photon is absorbed or emitted

Answer 6

Energy is gained or lost by electrons within the substance.

Question 7

Energy associated with one mole of photons formula

Answer 7

E=Lhf or E=Lhc/wavelength

Question 8

What happens when energy is transferred to atoms

Answer 8

Electrons may be promoted to higher energy levels

Question 9

When is a photon emitted

Answer 9

When an excited electron moves from a higher energy level to a lower energy level.
This light energy emitted produces a spectrum made up of a series of lines at discrete energy levels.

Question 10

What can the atomic emission spectrum be used for

Answer 10

Used to quantify and identify specific elements as each produces a specific absorption and emission soectra

Question 11

Absorption spectroscopy

Answer 11

When EM radiation is directed at an atomized sample. Radiation is absorbed as electrons are promoted to higher energy levels.

Question 12

Emission Spectroscopy

Answer 12

High temperatures are used to excite th electrons within atoms. As the electrons drop to lower energy levels photons are emitted. An emission spectrum is produced by measuring the intensity of light emitted at different wavelengths.

Question 13

Different orbital shapes

Answer 13

S,P,D,F

Question 14

Quantum number n

Answer 14

Indicates the main energy level for an electron and related to the size of the orbital

Question 15

Angular momentum quantum number l

Answer 15

Determines the shape of the sub shell and have values from 0 to n-1

Question 16

The magnetic quantum number m1

Answer 16

Determines the orientation of the orbital and can have values between -l and +l

Question 17

The spin magnetic quantum number ms

Answer 17

Determines the direction of spin and can have a value of +1/2 or -1/2

Question 18

Aufbau Principle

Answer 18

Electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy

Question 19

Hunds Rule

Answer 19

When degenerate orbitals are available electrons fill singly keeping their spins parallel before spin pairing occurs.

Question 20

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Answer 20

No two electrons in one atom can have the same 4 set of quantum numbers therefore no orbital can hold more than two electrons and these two electrons must have opposite spins.

Question 21

Degenerate

Answer 21

Degenerate means of the same energy, all orbitals within each sub shell are degenerate

Question 22

S block

Answer 22

Groups 1 and 2

Question 23

P block

Answer 23

Groups 3-7

Question 24

D block

Answer 24

Transition metals

Question 25

What is associated with half full or full sub shells

Answer 25

Stability so they have higher ionisation energies

Question 26

VESPR Shapes

Answer 26

Linear-2 Trigonal Planar-3 Tetrahedral-4 Trigonal Bipyramidal-5 Octahedral-6

Question 27

Pair repulsion continuum

Answer 27

Non bonding/non bonding > Non bonding/bonding > bonding/bonding

Question 28

Transition metal definition

Answer 28

Metals with incomplete d sub shells in at least one of their ions

Question 29

Exceptions to the aufbau principle

Answer 29

Chromium and copper atoms

Question 30

What happens when atoms from the first row of transition metals form ions

Answer 30

4s orbitals are lost first then 3d

Question 31

What happens when oxidation number increases

Answer 31

Oxidation is taking place

Question 32

What happens when there is a decrease in oxidation number

Answer 32

Reduction is taking place

Question 33

What compounds are used as oxidising agents

Answer 33

Compounds containing metals with high oxidation states

Question 34

What compounds are used as reducing agents

Answer 34

Compounds containing metals with low oxidation states

Question 35

Ligands

Answer 35

Negative ions or molecules with non bonding pairs of electrons that they have to donate to a central metal atom forming dative covalent bonds

Question 36

How can ligands be classified

Answer 36

Monodentate, bidentate and hexadentate

Question 37

Coordination number

Answer 37

The amount of bonds from the central atoms to ligands

Question 38

What happens when metals form complexes

Answer 38

Their d orbitals are no longer degenerate

Question 39

How do d orbitals split

Answer 39

Occurs when electrons present in approaching ligands cause the electrons lying along axes to be repelled

Question 40

Strong field ligands

Answer 40

Ligands that cause a large difference in energy between subsets of d orbitals

Question 41

Weak field ligands

Answer 41

Ligands that cause a smaller difference in energy between subsets of d orbitals

Question 42

Spectrochemical series

Answer 42

The series in which ligands are placed in order by their ability to split d orbitals

Question 43

Colours of transition metal complexes

Answer 43

When light is absorbed as electrons in a lower energy d orbital are promoted to a d orbital of higher energy. If one colour of lights is absorbed the complementary colour will be present in the complex.

Question 44

What light causes electrons to transition to higher energy levels

Answer 44

When Energy corresponding to ultraviolet(200-400nm) and visible(400-700nm) is absorbed

Question 45

Heterogeneous catalysts

Answer 45

Catalysts that are in a different state of matter to reactants Heterogenous catalyst can be explained as the formation of an activated complex on the surface of the reactant molecule And the adsorption of relative molecules onto active site. This is sue to the presence of unpaired d electrons. This provides alternative pathways of lower activation energy.

Question 46

Homogeneous catalysts

Answer 46

Catalysts that are in the same state as reactants Homogeneous catalysis can be explained in terms of changing oxidation states with the formation of intermediate complexes.