INRODUCTION Flashcards
(101 cards)
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DEFINE PROTOZOOLOGY
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Study of protozoa (unicellular organisms) in which all physiological functions are carried out by the organelles of the cell
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KINGDOM PROTISTA
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-Diverse collection of eukaryotic organisms
-which lack tissue differentiation
-Single celled
-Move independently
-Many are free living, others are parasites
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complex life cycles that take place in the cells, bloodstream and tissues of the host (invertebrate-ticks, mosquitoes or vertebrates-mammals, avian)
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Parasitic protozoa
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Most are zoonotic – low host specificity
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KINGDOM PROTISTA
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Differences between Prophyta and Protozoa
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cell wall- rigid/thick
nuclear material- well defined with membrane
nutrition– holozoic saprozoic
reproduction- binary fission along longitudinal axis except ciliates
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Protozoa
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cell wall - non rigid/ thin
nuclear material - dispersed
nutrition- holophytic
reproduction - binary fission along transverse axis
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Types of Nucleus
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Vesicular
Compact
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chromatin concentrated in a single mass (endosome or nucleolus)
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Vesicular
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chromatin evenly distributed (homogenous), present in ciliates
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Compact
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reproductive function
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Micronucleus
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Organelles in the cytoplasm
(powerhouse of the cell)
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Mitochondria
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vegetative function
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Macronucleus
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carries organs of locomotion (prolongations of the ectoplasm)
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Cytoplasm
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outer part (homogenous and hyaline appearance)
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Ectoplasm
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(regulates osmotic pressure & eliminates waste material)
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contractile vacuole
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(protein synthesis)
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Ribosomes
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(enzymes for digestion)
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Lysosome
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(collect dehydrated proteins)
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Golgi bodies
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Functions ectoplasm:
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Movement
Food ingestion
Excretion
Respiration
Protection
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Granular, pigmented
Contains food vacuoles (role in nutrition)
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Endoplasm
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Movement of Protozoa
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To obtain food
For reacting to physical and chemical stimuli
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protozoa Very marked movement
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flagellates and ciliates
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Modes of Movement
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Cilia
Pseudopodia
Flagella
Gliding
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ciliates, Balantidium, Trichomonas (fine, short, flagella like structures
Cilia
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false feet (Entamoeba)
Pseudopodia-
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Mastigophora species (whiplike filamentous structure from a basal granule in the ectoplasm) ex. Trypanosomes
Flagella
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Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Eimeria (no locomotory organelle
Gliding-
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Types of Nutrition
Holophytic
Holozoic
Saprozoic
Autotrophic
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No veterinary importance, COH synthesized by chlorophyll (characteristics of plants)
Holophytic
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pseudopodia or a cytostome are used to ingest food material from plants or animals and passed to a food vacuole (Pre-formed food utilized thru special organs)
Holozoic
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uses micropyle (micropore) to ingest fluids/solids
Eimeria
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– ingest tissues of host through a temporary opening in the body wall (pinocytosis)
Entamoeba, Balantidium
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absorb nutrients by diffusion and directly used by the organism; stored food seen inside glycogen granules (absorption of dissolved organic matter)
Saprozoic
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live entirely from inorganic compounds (proteins, COH & lipids are synthesized from them)
Autotropic-
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parasitic protozoa nutrition
= either holozoic or saprozoic; none are autotrophic or holophytic
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Ways of Excretion
Osmotic pressure
Diffusion
Precipitation
Involves the contractile vacuoles, ectoplasm, cytopyge and other structures.
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(Most common)
takes free molecular oxygen in and expels carbon dioxide
Aerobic respiration
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Sexual -involves the male and female gametes
a) Conjugation
b) Syngamy
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survive under low oxygen tension since free oxygen is seldom available in the intestine of host
facultative or obligate anaerobes
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Asexual- does not involve the male and female gametes
a) Binary fission
b) Multiple fission (schizogony)
c) External budding
d) Internal budding or endopolygeny
e) Sporogony
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Ciliata
Exchange nuclear materials:
Conjugation
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macronuclei degenerate while the micronuclei divide and pass nuclear materials into each other forming a
synkarion
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2 gametes of different sexes fuse to form a zygote which divides by multiple fission to form sporozoites
Syngamy
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nucleus divides forming the macronucleus which reproduce into new individuals
Synkarion
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2 gametes of different sexes fuse to form a zygote which divides by multiple fission to form
sporozoites
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(gamonts in pairs)
Syzygy
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microgamete (male gamete) and macrogamete (female gamete)
are produced from microgametocytes and macrogametocytes
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2 daughter cells from a parent cell
- Division along the longitudinal axis except for ciliates (transverse axis)
- Nucleus divides first then the cytoplasm (Trypanosoma)
Binary fission
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Nucleus divides several times before cytoplasm does
Multiple fission (schizogony)
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Nucleus divides several times before cytoplasm does
- dividing form is known
schizont
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daughter forms are
merozoites (Coccidia, Plasmodium)
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2 or many daughter forms produced from parent cell (ectopolygeny) which is unequal size of fragment of the nucleus and cytoplasm
- Budded forms are separated off and then grow to full size
External budding
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which is unequal size of fragment of the nucleus and cytoplasm
ectopolygeny
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New progenies are formed within the parent cell and then break off, destroying it (Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis)
Internal budding or endopolygeny
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simplified from of endopolygeny (produces 2 daughter cells)
Endodyogeny
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- follows syngamy, sporozoites are formed within the walls of the cyst (multiple fission)
Sporogony
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General Effects of Protozoa Infection
Absorb nutrients e.g
Trypanosomes
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Interfere with normal metabolism by food absorption e.g.
Giardia
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Produce toxin e.g.
Sarcocystin by Sarcocystis
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. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
1. Subphylum Mastigophora – with 1 or more flagella
2. Subphylum Sarcodina – with pseudopodia
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Destroys tissue e.g.
Coccidia
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Destroy blood cells and hemopoetic organs e.g.
Babesia
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Nucleus is of one type, except in
heterokaryotic Foraminifera
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Locomotory organs are either
pseudo- podia or flagella or both.
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This phylum sarcomastigophora includes three sub- phyla —
Mastigophora, Opalinata and Sarcodina
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produces spores, no locomotory organ
Phylum Apicomplexa
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Reproduction asexually, but when sexually it is essentially by
syngamy
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characteristics:
All species are parasitic in nature.
Anterior part of the body forms apical complex.
Microspores generally present at some stage.
They reproduce sexually by syngamy.
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Examples are:
Phylum Apicomplexa
Monocystis, Gregarina, Plasmodium, Babesia sp. and Perkinsus sp.
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is made up of polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes, conoid and subpellicular microtubules.
apical complex
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produce spores with polar filament
. Phylum Microspora
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with amoeboid germinal elements in multicellular spores; trophozoites are multicellular
Phylum Myxozoa
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Phylum Ciliophora characteristics:
Most of the species are free living, quite a number are commensal, some truly parasitic and a large number are found as symphorionts on variety of hosts.
-Simple cilia or compound ciliary organelles are present in at least one stage of life cycle.
-Nuclei are of two types.
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with cilia e.g. Paramecium
. Phylum Ciliophora
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is present even when surface cilia is absent.
Subpellicular cilia
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Blood and Tissue Flagellates
Leishmania sp. and Trypanosoma sp.
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Phylum Ciliophora characteristics:
Presence of typical contractile vacuole.
Nutrition heterotrophic.
Asexual reproduction by transverse binary fission, budding and multiple fission also occur.
Sexual reproduction involves conjugation, autogamy and cytogamy.
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bear one or more long, slender flagella (sing.,flagellum) for locomotion.
Flagellates
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All forms absorb nutrients from their hosts through the cell membrane (no phagocytosis or cytostomal ingestion)
Flagellates
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contains members which are parasitic - live in blood or fixed tissues of vertebrates at some time in their life cycle.
Order Trypanosomatida
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The flagellum is also called an ---
by those engaged in protozoology to accentuate its structural differences from the flagellum of bacteria.
undulipodium
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multiply asexually by binary fission, and certain species from resistant cysts.
Flagellates
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are very close together – the kinetosome is too small to be resolved – only the kinetoplast is seen
Kinetosome and kinetoplast
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has all four forms
Trypanosoma cruzi
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possesses only amastigote & promastigote forms
Leishmania spp.
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Of the seven genera in the Family Trypanosomatidae, only 2 genera, Leishmania and Trypanosoma, are important parasites of humans.
Leishmania sp. and Trypanosoma sp.
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has only epimastigote & trypomastigote
Trypanosoma brucei -
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- flagella protozoan parasites that live in the blood, lymph and varous tissues of their vertebrate hosts
- parasites of all vertebrate classes
- majority are transmitted by blood- feeding invertebrates, although other transmission mechanism exist.
trypanosoma
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structure that gives rise to the flagellum
kinetosome
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dense area of mitochondrial DNA that gives rise to a mitochondrion - located just posterior to kinetosome
kinetoplasm
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first reported human infection with the zoonotic parasite in southeast asia
trypanosoma evansi
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