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INS MIDTERM Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What are the outputs of the Nervous System?

A

Voluntary (Motor) and Involuntary (Motor, Physiology)

Outputs are the responses generated by the nervous system based on the inputs processed.

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2
Q

List some key functions of the conscious mind.

A
  • Be aware of ourselves and sensations
  • Initiate and control voluntary movements
  • Learning & Memory
  • Motivation
  • Emotions

These functions are essential for interaction with the environment and self-regulation.

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3
Q

What are the five lobes of the Cerebrum?

A
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Insula Lobe

Each lobe has distinct functions related to perception and processing.

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4
Q

What are the main inputs to the Nervous System?

A

External (Sensory) and Internal (Hormonal)

These inputs provide the information needed for analysis and perception.

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5
Q

What functions are associated with the Frontal Lobe?

A

Memory, behavior, personality, movement

The Frontal Lobe plays a critical role in higher cognitive functions.

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6
Q

What does the Parietal Lobe primarily handle?

A

Somatic sensory perception

It processes sensory information from the body, such as touch and pain.

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7
Q

What sensory functions are associated with the Temporal Lobe?

A

Auditory and olfactory perception, memory

This lobe is crucial for processing sounds and smells.

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8
Q

What is the primary function of the Occipital Lobe?

A

Visual perception

It is responsible for interpreting visual stimuli.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is responsible for visceral perception, emotion, and autonomic motor control.

A

Insula Lobe

The Insula Lobe integrates sensory information related to bodily states.

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10
Q

What are the main components of the Diencephalon?

A
  • Epithalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus

These structures play significant roles in sensory processing and homeostasis.

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11
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin and serotonin

These hormones are involved in regulating sleep and mood.

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12
Q

True or False: The Thalamus makes up 50% of the diencephalon.

A

False

The Thalamus makes up 80% of the diencephalon.

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13
Q

What is the main visceral control center of the body?

A

Hypothalamus

The Hypothalamus regulates various autonomic functions and maintains homeostasis.

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14
Q

List the major functions of the Hypothalamus.

A
  • Regulation of body temperature
  • Regulation of hunger and thirst sensations
  • Control of behavior
  • Control of emotional responses
  • Control of the endocrine system
  • Control of the autonomic nervous system
  • Regulation of sleep-wake cycles

These functions are vital for maintaining physiological balance.

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15
Q

What are the key functions of the Cerebellum?

A
  • Controls postural reflexes
  • Produces skilled movements

The Cerebellum is essential for coordination and fine-tuning motor activities.

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16
Q

What centers are contained within the Pons?

A
  • Pontine respiratory centers
  • Centers for hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting, and coughing

The Pons is involved in regulating vital functions and reflex actions.

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17
Q

What vital centers are located in the Medulla Oblongata?

A
  • Cardiac Control Center
  • Vasomotor Center
  • Respiratory Center

These centers are crucial for autonomic regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

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18
Q

What is a functional brain system?

A

Large networks of neurons working together, with no specific location

Functional brain systems include the Limbic system and Reticular formation.

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19
Q

What role does the Limbic system play?

A

Strong emotional responses, where emotion overrides logic or emotional repression occurs

It is involved in emotional regulation and memory.

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20
Q

What is the function of the Reticular formation?

A

Keeps you alert and conscious, filters extraneous inputs

It helps maintain attention and awareness in the environment.

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21
Q

Provide an example of sensory processing.

A

Spider crawls on your foot: information from touch and visual receptors is sent to the somatosensory and visual cortexes, respectively

This process illustrates how sensory information is integrated and responded to.

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22
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begins at the foramen magnum and extends to L1/L2 of the vertebral column

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23
Q

What is the primary function of the spinal cord?

A

Conducts impulses to and from the brain; integrating center for spinal reflexes

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24
Q

Do we have the same number of vertebrae and spinal nerves?

A

No

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25
From where do spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord?
Foramen magnum (immediately caudal to the medulla)
26
What is found in the grey matter of the spinal cord?
Neuron cell bodies
27
What is found in the white matter of the spinal cord?
Nerve tracks
28
Where is the grey matter located in the brain?
Outside (neuron cell bodies)
29
Where is the white matter located in the brain?
Inside (nerve tracks)
30
What is the function of the posterior horn in the spinal cord?
Sensory entry (cell bodies are in dorsal root ganglion out of spinal cord)
31
What is the function of the anterior horn in the spinal cord?
Contains motor neuron cell bodies
32
What type of fibers do the posterior rootlets/root carry?
Sensory
33
What type of fibers do the anterior rootlets/root carry?
Motor
34
What type of nerve is the spinal nerve and how long is it?
Mixed and is very short
35
What do the posterior/dorsal and anterior/ventral rami contain?
Both are mixed (sensory + motor)
36
What is a dermatome?
Skin area innervated by each individual spinal nerve (sensory)
37
What are rami communicantes?
Nerves between spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk
38
What does the white ramus contain?
Preganglionic fiber from spinal column to paravertebral ganglion
39
What does the grey ramus contain?
Postganglionic fiber out back to spinal nerve
40
What is a nerve plexus?
Network of intersecting nerves
41
List examples of nerve plexuses.
* Cervical plexus (C1 – C5) * Brachial plexus (C5 – T1) * Lumbar plexus (L1 – L4) * Sacral plexus (L4 – S4)
42
Is there a plexus between T2 to T12?
No
43
What types of nerves can be categorized?
* Sensory (somatic, visceral) * Motor (somatic, visceral)
44
What does the visceral motor system include?
* Sympathetic * Parasympathetic
45
Where are the neuron cell bodies for sensory neurons located in the somatic system?
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG)
46
Where are the neuron cell bodies for motor neurons located in the somatic system?
Anterior horn
47
What is the pathway for sympathetic motor neurons?
IMLCC and para-/prevertebral ganglion
48
What is the pathway for parasympathetic motor neurons?
Cranial nuclei/Sacral lateral horn and postsynaptic ganglia
49
What are tracts in the CNS?
Groups of axons within the CNS (white matter)
50
What are descending tracts?
Efferent
51
What are ascending tracts?
Afferent
52
What are the two main types of neural cells in the nervous system?
Neurons and Neuroglia ## Footnote Neurons process, transfer, and store information, while neuroglia support, regulate, and protect neurons.
53
What is the role of dendrites in a neuron?
Transmit information towards the cell body
54
What does the axon do in a neuron?
Carries information away from the cell body
55
How are neurons classified structurally?
Based on the number of processes coming off of the cell body: Multipolar, Bipolar, Unipolar
56
Define multipolar neurons.
Most common type; multiple dendrites and a single axon
57
Where are bipolar neurons found?
Only in special sense organs (smell, sight, taste, hearing, balance)
58
What characterizes unipolar neurons?
Single process off cell body, giving rise to dendrites at one end and the rest as an axon
59
What are sensory (afferent) neurons responsible for?
Transmitting sensory information from receptors of PNS towards the CNS
60
What type of neuron transmits motor information from the CNS to effectors?
Motor (efferent) neurons
61
What do association (interneurons) neurons do?
Transmit information between neurons within the CNS; analyze inputs and coordinate outputs
62
What is the function of glial cells (neuroglia)?
Support, regulate, and protect neurons
63
What is the role of the myelin sheath?
Speeds up the transmission of action potentials along the axon
64
What are nodes of Ranvier?
Unmyelinated gaps along the axon where action potentials jump during saltatory conduction
65
What is 'white matter' in the nervous system?
Regions containing groupings of myelinated axons
66
What comprises 'gray matter'?
Groups of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, axons, glial cells, and synapses
67
What is the difference between graded potentials and action potentials?
Graded potentials are localized and decremental, while action potentials are rapid, non-decremental, and all-or-none
68
What is depolarization in the context of graded potentials?
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
69
What is hyperpolarization in the context of graded potentials?
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
70
What is temporal summation?
Increased magnitude of changes in membrane potential from a single stimulus as its frequency increases
71
What is spatial summation?
Increased magnitude of changes in membrane potential from multiple simultaneous stimuli at different places
72
What are the two types of refractory periods?
Absolute Refractory Period and Relative Refractory Period
73
What occurs during the absolute refractory period?
Complete insensitivity exists to another stimulus
74
What characterizes the relative refractory period?
A stronger-than-threshold stimulus can initiate another action potential
75
What is the typical structure of a synapse?
A neuron can receive inputs from many other neurons and has collateral branches for synapsing
76
What is an axoaxonic synapse?
A type of synapse that is faster, can be bidirectional, and has a delay of 0.1ms
77
How is signal transmission stopped at the synapse?
Stop presynaptic action potential, clear synaptic cleft, re-uptake of NT, enzymatic degradation, diffusion away from receptors
78
What factors influence neurotransmitter release?
Inhibitory neurons release less NT; excitatory neurons release more NT
79
What determines the outcome of neurotransmitter binding on the postsynaptic membrane?
Receptor numbers, degradation rates, permeability
80
What is sensation?
Awareness of external or internal stimuli ## Footnote Can be conscious or unconscious.
81
Define perception.
Conscious awareness & interpretation of a sensation ## Footnote Involves precise localization & identification.
82
What are sensory modalities?
Property by which one sensation is distinguished from another ## Footnote Examples include pain, temperature, touch, vibration, vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium.
83
What are the two classes of sensory modalities?
* General senses * Special senses
84
What do general senses include?
* Somatic senses (pain, temp, touch, pressure) * Visceral senses (info about conditions of internal organs)
85
List the special senses.
* Olfaction (smell) * Gustation (taste) * Vision * Hearing * Equilibrium (balance)
86
What is the process of sensation?
* Stimulation of the receptor * Transduction of stimulus into a graded potential * Generation of impulses when graded potential reaches threshold * Integration of sensory input by the CNS
87
What are simple receptors?
Bare dendrites that detect pain, temperature, and light touch ## Footnote Examples include free nerve endings.
88
What are complex receptors?
Dendrites enclosed in connective tissue capsule ## Footnote Examples include encapsulated nerve endings.
89
What are the classifications of receptors based on stimuli detected?
* Mechanoreceptors * Thermoreceptors * Nociceptors * Photoreceptors * Chemoreceptors
90
What do mechanoreceptors detect?
Pressure or stretch ## Footnote Examples include touch, vibration, proprioception, hearing, equilibrium, and blood pressure.
91
What is the function of nociceptors?
Detect pain ## Footnote Located in nearly every body tissue except the brain.
92
Fill in the blank: Cold receptors respond to temperatures between _______.
10 - 40°C
93
What is referred pain?
Pain felt in a skin area served by the same segment of the spinal cord as the stimulated organ ## Footnote Example: Heart attack felt in skin along the left arm.
94
What are the three classes of mechanoreceptors?
* Tactile receptors * Baroreceptors * Proprioceptors
95
What do tactile receptors provide?
Sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration
96
What is the difference between crude touch and discriminative touch?
* Crude touch: ability to perceive that something has touched the skin * Discriminative touch: provides specific information about the touch sensation
97
What are Ruffini corpuscles sensitive to?
Pressure and distortion of the skin ## Footnote Located in the reticular (deep) dermis.
98
What do Golgi tendon organs monitor?
External tension developed during muscle contraction
99
What is proprioception?
Awareness of body position & movement ## Footnote Allows activities like walking or typing without looking.
100
What is the role of muscle spindles?
Monitor skeletal muscle length and trigger stretch reflexes
101
What are joint receptors responsible for?
Detecting pressure, tension, and movement at the joint
102
What is a receptive field?
Area that is monitored by a single receptor cell
103
What happens during sensory receptor adaptation?
Change in sensitivity to long-lasting stimuli ## Footnote Decrease in responsiveness of a receptor.
104
Fill in the blank: Rapidly adapting receptors are specialized for detecting _______.
Changes
105
True or False: Slowly adapting receptors continue to send impulses as long as the stimulus persists.
True

Physical Medicine 2 (3 decks)

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