insight 2

Question 1

Performance

Answer 1

Performance = the behavioural act of executing a skill at a specific time and in a specific situation

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

Learning = A change in the capability of a person to perform a skill; it must be inferred from a relatively permanent improvement in performance as a result of practice or experience

Question 3

Performance vs learning

Answer 3

Performance is temporary, learning is (relatively) permanent!
Magill and Anderson (2014)

Question 4

STM

Answer 4

•STM = temporary holding place for information, such as a phone number given to you verbally
•Unless we repeat/rehearse the information, this information will be lost in a short space of time

Question 5

LTM

Answer 5

•LTM = collects well learned information and it is suggested this could be essentially limitless in capacity
•Storage in LTM can be aided by effortful processing in STM (e.g. rehearsal; connecting information to other relevant information; mental representation)
•LTM is generally more effective at storing procedural knowledge of continuous motor skills such as riding a bicycle or swimming, compared with cognitive skills (e.g. learning a foreign language)

Question 6

Proprioception

Answer 6

Proprioception - Information about our own movements

Question 7

Exteroception

Answer 7

•Exteroception - Information about our environment

Question 8

Open Loop Control

Answer 8

•A control system with pre-programmed instructions to an effector that does not use feedback information or error detection processes

Question 9

Closed Loop Control

Answer 9

•A control system that involves the use of feedback and the activity of error detection and correction processes to maintain the desired goal: used by individuals to control slow deliberate movements (e.g. Adams, 1971)
•During the course of an action, feedback is compared against a standard or reference movement (e.g. does it ‘feel’ right?)

Question 10

Schema

Answer 10

Schema: Set of rules that serves to provide the basis for a decision (e.g. an abstract representation of rules which control movement)

Question 11

Attention

Answer 11

•Attention = the stimuli we selectively concentrate on (i.e. where do we focus our attention?)

Question 12

Perception

Answer 12

•Perception = the ability to process and make sense of information that we have attended to

Question 13

Fixation

Answer 13

•Fixation = Typically defined in sport science as maintaining visual gaze on same location for at least 100 ms (e.g. Williams et al., 1999) or 120 ms (e.g. Runswick et al., 2017)

Question 14

Fixation duration

Answer 14

•Fixation duration = Length of fixation (e.g. ms or number of frames). The longer the eye remains fixated on a given target, the more information is thought to be extracted from the display (Mann et al., 2007)

Question 15

Number of fixations

Answer 15

•Number of fixations/fixation order = Which stimuli in the display do the performers fixate on, and in what order?

Question 16

Saccades

Answer 16

•Saccades = Eye movements between fixations – may suppress information processing

Question 17

Visual Search Patterns of Experts

Answer 17

• Experts typically use fewer fixations of longer durations
• Fixating on the opponent, rather than the ball in earlier action sequences in tennis and football (Mann et al., 2019)
•Skilled athletes can direct their gaze towards body segments commence the movement at the start of the kinetic chain (e.g. knee and hip regions when defending in football, rather than the ball; Nagano et al., 2004)
• Elite performers have a longer duration of final fixation on the target in closed skills (e.g. Quiet Eye, Vickers; 1996)

Question 18

Visual Search Patterns of Novices

Answer 18

• Typically involves more fixations of less duration, with more saccades which suppresses information processing
• Novices can also fixate on irrelevant stimuli due to a lack of practice or instruction in attending to relevant stimuli, or attuning to affordances
• Novices make less use of peripheral vision
• Typically focusing on the ball, rather than “predictive saccades” used by experts

Question 19

Temporal occlusion paradigm

Answer 19

•Temporal occlusion paradigm = selectively occluding video footage at differing temporal points

Question 20

Spatial Occlusion

Answer 20

a technique that masks an important area/cue in the visual field to examine how it affects cue utilization or information pick-up

Question 21

Focus of Attention

Answer 21

Focus of Attention defined as the specific thought adopted by a performer during the execution of a motor skill

Question 22

Internal focus

Answer 22

Directed at specific actions of the body

Question 23

External focus

Answer 23

Directed at the effects that the movement will have on the environment

Question 24

Examples of Internal Foci

Answer 24

• Step by step technical points
•Focus on swing of the arms…
•Focus on the wrist motion…
•Focus on hand movement…

Question 25

Examples of External Foci

Answer 25

•Focusing on the effect of the movement / focusing on apparatus •Focus on swing of the club… •Focus on the rim of the basket… •Focus on the bullseye…

Question 26

Visual Exploratory Activity (VEA)

Answer 26

•VEA, or “scanning”, in sport is defined as “movements of the body or head that are directed away from the ball” (Jordet, 2005)

Question 27

PETTLEP model

Answer 27

PETTLEP model (Physical, Environment, Task, Timing, Learning, Emotion, Perspective) – Holmes & Collins (2001)