Instrument Stage 2 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Required Reporting under IFR
Radar Environment:
M- Missed Approach
A- Airspeed +/-10kts/ 5% change of files TAS
R- Reaching a holding fix (report time and altitude)
V-VFR on top when an altitude change will be made.
E-ETA change +/-2min, or +/-3 min in North Atlantic
L-Leaving a holding point/fix
O-outer marker (or fix used in lieu of it)
U- Unforecasted weather
S- Safety of flight
V- Vacating an altitude/ FL
F- Final approach fix
R- Radio/Nav/ approach equipment failure
C-Compulsory reporting points
500- unable climb/descend 500fpm
Non Radar Environment:
•ETA change of +/- 3 minutes
•Outer Marker inbound
•Final approach fix inbound
•Compulsory reporting points
When is a destination alternate always required?
An instrument approach is published and available for the destination, AND
For at least 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA
•Ceiling will be at least 2000’ above airport elevation
• Visibility will be at least 3 SM
Minimum Wx conditions required at an airport to list as an alternate?
The alternate airport minima published in the procedure charts, or, if none:
Precision: 600’ ceilings 2SM visibility
Non-precision: 800’ ceilings and 2SM visibility
No instrument approach: Ceiling and visibility must allow descent from MEA, approach and landing under VFR.
Non-standard: reference the TPP
Using non-WAAS GPS: Can flight plan GPS approaches at either destination or alternate, but NOT both.
Precision Approaches
Provides lateral and vertical guidance
Minimums: Decision Altitude (MSL), Decision Height (AGL)
Non-Precision Approaches
Provides lateral guidance only
Minimums: Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA-MSL), Minimum Descent Height (MDH, AGL)
Navigation/Approach Equipment
ILS/Localizer: Uses ground based equipment
RNAV (GPS): Uses satellite GPS (WAAS/RAIM)
Non-Directional Beacon
Standard Circling Minimums
Prior to 2012 used set radius distances based on approach category, regardless of MDA.
Expanded Circling Minimums (Marked by a C with white background)
After 2012, now factors in MDA because of increased true airspeed at different altitudes.
When to go missed on a precision approach?
During a precision approach, follow glide slope to DA/DH. Then go missed if runway is not visual.
When to go missed on non-precision approach?
Specified point, usually labeled as point with DME. (Ex. Runway threshold)
When to go missed on an approach plate with Precision and non-precision approach?
The approach will DEFAULT to showing the precision approach, however it provides the information necessary for both type of approaches. It’s up to the PIC to interpret/visualize how it’s different.
What do Approach categories for aircraft’s do?
Tell you what minimums to be used for your aircraft:
•Is stated by AFM/POH, is calculated by identifying 1.3VSO
Approach category speeds
A- 0-90
B- 91-120
C- 121-140
D- 141-165
E- > 165
Types of Procedure Turns
•Course Reversal
•Descent from IAF
• Inbound course interception
When is a Procedure turn mandatory?
When depicted on the approach plate.
When is a procedure turn not mandatory?
• NoPT is specified
•Radar Vectors
•Conducting a timed approach- When you do not have alternate means of navigating to your MAP other than using speed and time.
S- Straight In
H- Hold in lieu
A- DME ARC
R- Radar Vectors
P- No PT
T- Timed Approach
T- Teardrop
Minimum Safe Altitude
•Emergency altitude used in case of lost situational awareness
•Provides obstacle/terrain avoidance
Terminal Arrival Area
•Provides altitude and distance information for a given area.
•FOR RNAV APPROACHES ONLY.
What can NOTAMS do to an approach?
They can alter the approach procedure, and equipment used during navigation.
In order to descend below the DA/DH?
• Aircraft must be in a continuous position to land at a normal descent rate using normal maneuvers.
•Flight visibility not less than the prescribed approach.
•May descend to 100’ above TDZE if approach lights in sight.
In order to land after descending below DH/DA with ALS in sight?
Must have a visual of ONE of the following:
•Runway,
•Runway Markings
•Runway Lights
•Threshold
•Threshold Markings
•Threshold Lights
•Touchdown zone
•Touchdown zone markings
•Touchdown lights
•Visual Glide Slope indicator
•Runway end identifier lights
•Red Terminating Bars
Touchdown Zone Elevation (TDZE)
Highest elevation in first 3000’ of runway
Pilot controlled lighting
Negative symbology :A5
Black dot above A5 means sequenced flashing lights
Approach lights
Required to increase visibility depending on inop equipment type
