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BCIA Exam for Neurofeedback > Instrumentation|Electronics > Flashcards

Instrumentation|Electronics Flashcards

1
Q

What is Ohm’s Law?

A

Voltage (V) = Current (I) x Resistance (R)

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2
Q

What is the Nyquist Theorem?

A

Sampling rate of an EEG amplifier should be at least 2x the highest frequency being recorded.

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3
Q

What is the sampling rate of most EEGs?

A

256 samples per second

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4
Q

What is aliasing?

A

Distortion that occurs when the sampling rate is too low to be reconstructed into its actual form

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5
Q

What is alternating current?

A

Electrical current that periodically reverses direction.

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6
Q

Household sockets are an example of what type of current?

A

Alternating

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7
Q

EEG originates as a ______ current but emerges as a ______ current.

A

direct; alternating

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8
Q

What word describes rate of electron flow or current?

A

Amperage

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9
Q

What is amperage?

A

Rate of electrical flow (electrons) or current (i.e., quantity of electrical charge).

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10
Q

Amperage is measured in what units?

A

Amps (Amperes)

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11
Q

What defines 1 amp/ampere?

A

The number of coulombs of electrical charge that travel through a conductor per second.

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12
Q

What defines a wave’s amplitude?

A

Deviation from resting state (distance between baseline and crest or trough).

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13
Q

Amplitude is a measure of a wave’s ______.

A

power

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14
Q

Amplitude is measured in _______.

A

millivolts (mV)

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15
Q

A millivolt (mV) is equivalent to ______ volts.

A

one one-thousandth (1/1000)

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16
Q

What is capacitance?

A

The ability of a system to store an electrical charge

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17
Q

Static shock is an example of ______.

A

Capacitance

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18
Q

Capacitance is measured in what units?

A

Microfarads (mfd)

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19
Q

What is coherence?

A

Co-variation of phase between a pair of signals at a specific frequency

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20
Q

What word describes co-variation of phase between a pair of signals at a specific frequency?

A

Coherence

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21
Q

What is direct current?

A

Current that only flows in one direction

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22
Q

Current that only flows in one direction is called what?

A

Direct current

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23
Q

Current that reverses direction is called what?

A

Alternating current

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24
Q

What term describes which frequency within a component band has the greatest share of voltage or power?

A

Dominant frequency

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25
Q

What is dominant frequency?

A

The frequency within a component band that has the greatest share of voltage or power

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26
Q

What word describes the number of cycles a wave completes per second?

A

Frequency

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27
Q

What defines a wave’s frequency?

A

The number of cycles it completes per second

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28
Q

What is the unit of measurement for frequency?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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29
Q

What is impedance?

A

Resistance to an alternating current

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30
Q

In an EEG, excessive impedance causes ______.

A

artifact

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31
Q

What word describes the amount of energy available in an electrical current?

A

Power

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32
Q

Power is measured in what units?

A

Watts

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33
Q

What does resistance refer to?

A

Resistance in direct current

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34
Q

Resistance and impedance are measured in what units?

A

Ohms

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35
Q

What is voltage?

A

The amount of electrical potential between two locations with different electrical charges.

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36
Q

What word refers to the amount of electrical potential between two locations with different electrical charges.

A

Voltage

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37
Q

Voltage is measured in ______.

A

Volts

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38
Q

What word describes wavelength?

A

Period

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39
Q

What defines a wave’s wavelength or period?

A

The time it takes to complete one cycle

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40
Q

What term describes how electrical current travels from the brain to the scalp?

A

Volume conduction

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41
Q

What is volume conduction?

A

How current flows from the brain to the scalp

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42
Q

What does phase refer to?

A

The degree to which waveforms rise and fall synchronously

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43
Q

The degree to which waveforms rise and fall synchronously is called ______.

A

Phase

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44
Q

Approximately how many neurons are required to fire synchronously to produce enough amplitude to be recorded on the scalp’s surface?

A

60 million

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45
Q

EEG has better ______ but less precise ______ than alternative forms of neuroimaging.

A

temporal resolution; spatial resolution

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46
Q

One thing that EEG can measure, which other methods cannot, is ______ .

A

network connections

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47
Q

EEG translates a ______ signal into a ______ signal.

A

analog, digitized

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48
Q

What neuroimaging technique measures electrical activity of the brain via electrodes placed on the scalp?

A

EEG

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49
Q

What neuroimaging technique provides high-resolution images of brain anatomy using magnetic fields and radio waves?

A

MRI

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50
Q

What neuroimaging technique measures changes in blood oxygenation levels to infer brain activity?

A

fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

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51
Q

What neuroimaging technique involves injecting a radioactive tracer into the body which emits positrons? As positrons collide with electrons, they produce gamma rays that are detected by the scanner, allowing for the visualization of metabolic and physiological processes in the brain. Commonly used to study brain function such as glucose metabolism and neurotransmitter activity.

A

PET (Positron Emission Tomography)

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52
Q

What neuroimaging technique is similar to PET but only uses a single photon?

A

SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography)

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53
Q

What neuroimaging technique measures the magnetic fields generated by the electrical activity of neurons, similar to EEG but with superior spatial resolution?

A

MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

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54
Q

EEG and MEG are both examples of what type of neuroimaging technique?

A

LORETA (Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography)

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55
Q

What type of neuroimaging technique provides a three-dimensional reconstruction of the electrical activity of the brain, particularly useful for studying the dynamics of brain oscillations and identifying the neural sources involved in specific cognitive processes or neurological disorders?

A

LORETA (Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography)

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56
Q

What does LORETA stand for?

A

Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography

57
Q

Voltages of electrical signals at the cortex are in the ______ range but, because the skull has a lot of resistance, these signals are in the ______ range at the scalp.

A

millivolt; microvolt

58
Q

Why are differential amplifiers necessary for EEGs?

A

To increase the amplitude of brainwaves on the scalp to a range that is detectable.

59
Q

Amplifiers ______ the amplitude of brainwaves.

A

increase

60
Q

What is common mode rejection?

A

Process used by differential amplifiers in which signals common in two lines of polarity (e.g., electrode and reference point) are rejected to produce a singular output.

61
Q

The process used by differential amplifiers in which signals common in two lines of polarity (e.g., electrode and reference point) are rejected to produce a singular output is called ______ .

A

common mode rejection

62
Q

What makes a filter analog?

A

It has physical components.

63
Q

What makes a filter digital?

A

It’s components are virtual.

64
Q

What is the difference between infinite response filters and finite impulse filters?

A

Infinite response filters are faster but create distortions, while finite impulse filters are slower have little to no distortion.

65
Q

Infinite response filters and finite impulse filters are both ______ filters.

A

Digital

66
Q

Filters that have wide skirts (and are therefore less selective) are called ______ .

A

Low order filters

67
Q

What is a low order filter?

A

A faster filter with a wide (less selective) skirt.

68
Q

A low order filter is typically used for _______ .

A

beta training

69
Q

What is a high order filter?

A

A slower filter with a narrow skirt

70
Q

A slower filter with a narrow skirt is called a ______.

A

high order filter

71
Q

What type of filter would be used for slow wave training like alpha theta?

A

a high order filter

72
Q

_______ is the default filter in most neurofeedback software.

A

Butterworth

73
Q

What is a high pass filter?

A

A filter that allows frequencies higher than .5 Hz to pass

74
Q

What type of artifact can be removed by a high pass filter?

A

Slow wave artifacts such as eye blinks and eye movements

75
Q

What is a low pass filter?

A

A filter that allows frequencies lower than 40 Hz to pass

76
Q

What is a notch filter?

A

A filter that blocks out a specific frequency

77
Q

Electrical outlets in the United States produce artifact at a frequency of ______ Hz.

A

60

78
Q

Electrical outlets outside of the United States produce artifact at a frequency of ______ Hz.

A

50

79
Q

What are two ways of calculating the magnitude of a signal?

A

Peak-to-Peak or Root Mean Square (RMS)

80
Q

Peak-to-Peak measures magnitude from _______ to _______.

A

The highest peak to the lowest peak.

81
Q

______ measures the average value of a signal and represents the equivalent constant value of the signal that would deliver the same power as the original signal.

A

Root Mean Square (RMS)

82
Q

What is the mathematical relationship between Root Mean Square (RMS) and Peak-to-Peak?

A

RMS x 2.828 = Peak-to-Peak

83
Q

A montage that uses only one sensor on the scalp is called either a ______ or ______.

A

monopolar montage; referential montage

84
Q

In a monopolar montage, activity at a single site is compared against _______.

A

one or more reference points

85
Q

Linked ears montage is an example of a ______ montage.

A

monopolar

86
Q

Two-channel training actually uses ______, with each electrode connected to the ipsilateral earlobe as its reference point.

A

two monopolar montages

87
Q

A _______ montage uses two sensors on the scalp connected to a single reference point

A

bipolar

88
Q

What is a bipolar montage?

A

A montage that uses two sensors on the scalp connected to a single reference point

89
Q

What is a bipolar montage used for?

A

Comparing activity at two different locations

90
Q

Bipolar montages may be ______ or ______.

A

transverse (comparing hemispheres); longitudinal (comparing front to back)

91
Q

What is a Laplacian montage?

A

A montage where multiple sensors are placed around a site to cover a localized region.

92
Q

A montage that uses multiple sensors around a site to cover a localized region is called a ______.

A

Laplacian montage

93
Q

What is the most common source of artifact?

A

Muscular tension

94
Q

What causes electrodermal or bridging artifacts?

A

Sweat

95
Q

Electrostatic artifacts are more common in climates with how much humidity?

A

<30%

96
Q

What is Breach Rhythm?

A

Artifact caused by skull defect that shows as faster, localized rhythms

97
Q

Artifact caused by EKG or pulsing arterial flow beneath the scalp is stronger in which hemisphere?

A

The left

98
Q

Fz is located ___% from Cz (anteriorly) of the distance from ______ to ______.

A

20; nasion; inion

99
Q

Pz is located ___% from Cz (posteriorly) of the distance from ______ to ______.

A

20; nasion; inion

100
Q

Fp1/Fp2 are located ___% from the nasion of the distance between nasion and inion.

A

10

101
Q

O1/O2 are located ___% from the inion of the distance between nasion and inion.

A

10

102
Q

What points are located 10% away from the preauricular notches on each side of the head?

A

T3 and T4

103
Q

Each point along the circumference is located ___% of the total circumference away from proximal sites.

A

10

104
Q

What percentage of the total circumference separates Fp1 and Fp2?

A

10%

105
Q

What point along the circumference is midway between O1 and T3?

A

T5

106
Q

What point along the circumference is midway between O2 and T4?

A

T6

107
Q

What point along the circumference is midway between Fp1 and T3?

A

F7

108
Q

What point along the circumference is midway between Fp2 and T4?

A

F8

109
Q

Where is F3 located?

A

Midway between Fz and F7

110
Q

Where is F4 located?

A

Midway between Fz and F8

111
Q

What point is located midway between Pz and T5?

A

P3

112
Q

What point is located midway between Pz and T6?

A

P4

113
Q

A derivation of the 10-20 International System that includes 74 focal sites is called the ______.

A

Modified Combinatorial Nomenclature

114
Q

What is the Modified Combinatorial Nomenclature?

A

Derivation of the 10-20 International System that includes 74 focal sites

115
Q

An EEG measures electrical activity occurring on what part of the brain?

A

Cortex/Cerebrum

116
Q

In general, which anatomical region contributes the least amount of EEG activity to the recording?

A

Earlobes or mastoid process

117
Q

What is the function of differential amplifiers?

A

Rejects signals that are the same to reveal only those that are different.

118
Q

True or false:
After the signal is amplified with the differential amplifier, the signal is free from artifacts.

A

False

119
Q

What type of montage records the difference between an electrode and the weighted average of the surrounding electrodes?

A

Laplacian montage

120
Q

What is the minimum number of sensors needed to get a signal?

A

3 (electrode, reference, ground)

121
Q

What type of montage records sequences of active electrodes?

A

Sequential or bipolar montage

122
Q

Fp1 is what percentage of the total circumference from Fp2?

A

10%

123
Q

Why is the 10-20 International System of Electrode Placement important?

A

The system is recognized universally, creating comparable measures of electrode locations for different persons.

124
Q

Amplitude is a measure of _____, and wavelength defines the _____ in EEG metrics.

A

power; period

125
Q

The initial QEEG is a _____ signal, while the final QEEG is a _____ signal.

A

analog; digital

126
Q

What type of resolution is superior in EEG compared to other neuroimaging techniques?

A

Temporal

127
Q

What type of resolution is inferior in EEG compared to other neuroimaging techniques?

A

Spatial

128
Q

What defines whether two active sites are in or out of phase?

A

Whether or not amplitudes rise and fall together.

129
Q

What is the mathematical relationship between RMS and Peak value?

A

RMS = .707 x Peak Value

130
Q

What is the mathematical relationship between Peak and Peak-to-Peak values?

A

(Peak Value) x 2 = Peak-to-Peak

131
Q

What is the most common location for reference electrodes to be placed?

A

Earlobes

132
Q

True or false:
EEG can be performed using either one or two reference points.

A

True

133
Q

True or false:
The ground electrode may be placed anywhere above the shoulders.

A

True

134
Q

What is an alternative term for bipolar montage?

A

Serial montage

135
Q

What is spectral analysis?

A

Real-time visual displays of brain wave performance during EEG

136
Q

QEEG is an example of _____ analysis.

A

neurometric

137
Q

Peak EEG power reaches its climax at around what time of day?

A

Noon

138
Q

Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) report what type of signals?

A

Digital

139
Q

What term refers to the relationship between two waves with respect to synchrony?

A

Phase

BCIA Exam for Neurofeedback (8 decks)

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