INSTRUMENTS

Question 1

The Earth is a huge ______, spinning in space, surrounded by a___________ made up of invisible lines of___.

Answer 1

magnet, magnetic field, flux

Question 2

These lines leave the surface at the magnetic_______ and reenter at the magnetic ______.

Answer 2

North Pole, South Pole

Question 3

Lines of magnetic flux have two important characteristics:

Answer 3

any magnet that is free to rotate aligns with them,
an electrical current is induced into any conductor that cuts across them

Question 4

Most direction indicators installed in aircraft make use of one of these two characteristics

Answer 4

Lines of magnetic flux have two important characteristics

Question 5

One of the oldest and simplest instruments for indicating direction

Answer 5

magnetic compass

Question 6

basic instruments required by 14 CFR part 91 for both VFR and IFR flight

Answer 6

magnetic compass

Question 7

The magnetic compass is the basic instrument required by ______ for both VFR and IFR flight.

Answer 7

14 CFR part 91

Question 8

Is a piece of material, usually a metal-containing iron, which attracts and holds lines of magnetic flux

Answer 8

magnet

Question 9

every magnet has two poles

Answer 9

north pole, south pole

Question 10

When one magnet is placed in the field of another, the unlike poles _____each other and like poles _____

Answer 10

attract,repel

Question 11

has two small magnets attached to a metal float sealed inside a bowl of clear compass fluid

Answer 11

An aircraft magnetic compass

Question 12

compass fluid is made of

Answer 12

kerosene

Question 13

wrapped around the float and viewed through a glass window

Answer 13

graduated scale, called a card

Question 14

The magnetic compass, vertical line is called

Answer 14

lubber line

Question 15

The card is marked with letters representing the _______, north, east, south, and west, and a number for each between these letters

Answer 15

cardinal directions, 30°

Question 16

There are long and short graduation marks between the letters and numbers, with each long mark representing __ and each short mark representing ___.

Answer 16

10°, 5°

Question 17

has a hardened steel pivot in its center that rides inside a special, spring-loaded, hard-glass jewel cup.

Answer 17

float and card assembly

Question 18

allows the float freedom to rotate and tilt up to approximately 18° angle of bank

Answer 18

jewel-and-pivot type mounting

Question 19

At __________, the compass indications are erratic and unpredictable

Answer 19

steeper bank angles

Question 20

entirely full of compass fluid

Answer 20

compass fluid

Question 21

To prevent damage or leakage when the fluid expands and contracts with temperature changes, the rear of the compass case is sealed with a ________, or with a metal bellows in some compasses.

Answer 21

flexible diaphragm

Question 22

the pilot reads the direction on the scale_______ the lubber line

Answer 22

opposite

Question 23

the pilot sees the compass card from its ________

Answer 23

backside

Question 24

The reason for this apparent backward graduation is that the card remains ________, and the compass housing and the pilot turn around it, always viewing the card from its backside.

Answer 24

stationary

Question 25

Magnetic fields caused by aircraft electronics and wiring can affect the ______ of the magnetic compass

Answer 25

accuracy

Question 26

induced error is called

Answer 26

compass deviation

Question 27

Compensator assemblies mounted on the compass allow aviation _______ to calibrate the compass by creating magnetic fields inside of the compass housing

Answer 27

maintenance technicians (AMTs

Question 28

has two shafts whose ends have screwdriver slots accessible from the front of the compass

Answer 28

compensator assembly

Question 29

MAGNETIC COMPASS ERRORS

Answer 29

Variation deviation northerly turning errors southerly turning errors acceleration error oscillation error

Question 30

Directions measured from the geographic poles are called

Answer 30

true directions

Question 31

directions measured from the magnetic poles are called

Answer 31

magnetic directions

Question 32

difference between true and magnetic directions is called

Answer 32

variation

Question 33

This same angular difference in surveying and land navigation is called

Answer 33

declination

Question 34

identify the number of degrees of variation in their area

Answer 34

isogonic lines

Question 35

Anywhere along this line the two poles are aligned, and there is no variation.

Answer 35

agonic line

Question 36

East of this line, the magnetic pole is to the west of the geographic pole and a _______ must be applied to a compass indication to get a true direction

Answer 36

correction

Question 37

Local magnetic fields in an aircraft caused by _________ flowing in the structure, in ______ wiring or any magnetized part of the structure, ______ with the Earth’s magnetic field and cause a compass error called deviation

Answer 37

electrical current, nearby, conflict

Question 38

different on each heading, but it is not affected by the geographic location

Answer 38

deviation

Question 39

cannot be reduced or changed

Answer 39

variation error

Question 40

deviation error can be

Answer 40

minimized

Question 41

deviation error can be minimized when a pilot or AMT performs the maintenance task known as

Answer 41

swinging the compass

Question 42

a series of lines marked out on a taxiway or ramp at some location where there is NO MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE

Answer 42

compass rose

Question 43

aids compensation for deviation errors

Answer 43

compass rose

Question 44

Any error that cannot be removed is recorded on a ___________, , and placed in a cardholder near the compass.

Answer 44

compass correction card

Question 45

The ____ or ___aligns the aircraft on each magnetic heading and adjusts the compensating magnets to minimize the difference between the compass indication and the actual magnetic heading of the aircraft

Answer 45

pilot or AMT

Question 46

shows the deviation correction for any heading

Answer 46

compass correction card

Question 47

formula magnetic course

Answer 47

True Course (180°) ± Variation (+10°) = Magnetic Course (190°)

Question 48

Formula compass course

Answer 48

Magnetic Course (190°, from step 1) ± Deviation (–2°, from correction card) = Compass Course (188°)

Question 49

Formula true course

Answer 49

Compass Course ± Deviation = Magnetic Course ± Variation = True Course

Question 50

The center of gravity of the float assembly is located lower than the pivotal point. As the airplane turns, the force that results from the magnetic dip causes the float assembly to swing in the same direction that the float turns

Answer 50

NORTHERLY TURNING ERRORS

Question 51

This compass error is amplified with the proximity to either pole

Answer 51

NORTHERLY TURNING ERRORS SOUTHERLY TURNING ERRORS

Question 52

the forces are such that the compass float assembly lags rather than leads

Answer 52

SOUTHERLY TURNING ERRORS

Question 53

The magnetic dip and the forces of inertia cause magnetic compass errors when accelerating and decelerating on Easterly and westerly headings

Answer 53

ACCELERATION ERROR

Question 54

ANDS

Answer 54

Acceleration-North/Deceleration-South

Question 55

a combination of all of the other errors

Answer 55

OSCILLATION ERROR

Question 56

THE VERTICAL CARD MAGNETIC COMPASS The floating magnet type of compass not only has all the errors just described, but also lends itself to confused reading. It is easy to begin a turn in the wrong direction because its card appears backward. East is on what the pilot would expect to be the west side. The vertical card magnetic compass eliminates some of the errors and confusion. The dial of this compass is graduated with letters representing the cardinal directions, numbers every 30°, and marks every 5°. The dial is rotated by a set of gears from the shaft-mounted magnet, and the nose of the symbolic airplane on the instrument glass represents the lubber line for reading the heading of the aircraft from the dial. Eddy currents induced into an aluminum-damping cup damp oscillation of the magnet.

Answer 56

THE VERTICAL CARD MAGNETIC COMPASS The floating magnet type of compass not only has all the errors just described but also lends itself to confused reading. It is easy to begin a turn in the wrong direction because its card appears backward. East is on what the pilot would expect to be on the west side. The vertical card magnetic compass eliminates some of the errors and confusion. The dial of this compass is graduated with letters representing the cardinal directions, numbers every 30°, and marks every 5°. The dial is rotated by a set of gears from the shaft-mounted magnet, and the nose of the symbolic airplane on the instrument glass represents the lubber line for reading the heading of the aircraft from the dial. Eddy currents induced into an aluminum-damping cup damp oscillation of the magnet.

Question 57

developed to compensate for the errors and limitations of the older type of heading indicators

Answer 57

Remote indicating compasses

Question 58

a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters. Its purpose is to collect and record data from a variety of aircraft sensors onto a medium designed to survive an accident

Answer 58

Flight Data Recorder (FDR)

Question 59

Two types of flight recorder

Answer 59

flight data recorder cockpit voice recorder

Question 60

- Operation of Aircraft, Vol 1 and Vol. III

Answer 60

ICAO Annex 6

Question 61

shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power, configuration and operation

Answer 61

Type I FDR

Question 62

FDRs shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the aeroplane flight path, speed, attitude, engine power and configuration of lift and drag devices

Answer 62

Types II and IIA FDR

Question 63

The detailed list of parameters to be recorded by FDRs is provided in

Answer 63

section 6.3 “Flight recorders” and at Attachment D to Annex 6, Vol. I.

Question 64

states that, all aeroplanes of a maximum certificated take-off mass of over 5,700 kg for which the individual certificate of airworthiness is first issued after 1 January 2005 shall be equipped with a Type IA FDR

Answer 64

provision 6.3.6 of Annex 6, Vol. I

Question 65

According to_______, combination recorders (FDR/CVR) can only be used to meet the flight recorder equipage requirements as specifically indicated in ICAO Annex 6 (Vol I and Vol III, Attachment D).

Answer 65

ICAO SARPS

Question 66

The recorder is installed in the most crash survivable part of the aircraft which is usually the _____

Answer 66

tail section

Question 67

The data collected in the_________ can help investigators determine whether an accident was caused by pilot error, by an external event (such as wind shear), or by an airplane system problem.

Answer 67

FDR system

Question 68

Flight data recorders were first introduced in the

Answer 68

1950s

Question 69

Many first-generation FDRs used _______ as the recording medium. This ______was housed in a crash- survivable box installed in the aft end of an airplane

Answer 69

metal foil

Question 70

What year did , FDRs (commonly known as "black boxes") were required to be painted bright orange or bright yellow, making them easier to locate at a crash site

Answer 70

1965

Question 71

Second-generation FDRs were introduced in the ______ as the requirement to record more data increased, but they were unable to process the larger amounts of incoming sensor data

Answer 71

1970s

Question 72

FDAU

Answer 72

flight data acquisition unit

Question 73

a unit that receives various discrete, analog and digital parameters from a number of sensors and avionics systems and then routes them to a flight data recorder (FDR

Answer 73

flight-data acquisition unit

Question 74

QAR

Answer 74

Quick Access Recorder

Question 75

EAFR

Answer 75

Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorder

Question 76

(DFDR) uses tape similar to audio recording tape. The tape is 300 to 500 ft. long and can record up to 25 hr. of data. It is stored in a cassette device mounted in a crash-protected enclosure

Answer 76

The second-generation digital FDR

Question 77

FAA rule changes in the late ____ required the first-generation FDRs to be replaced with digital recorders

Answer 77

1980s

Question 78

Many of the older FDRs were replaced with second-generation magnetic tape recorders that can process incoming data without a Flight Data Acquisition Unit (FDAU). Most of these DFDRs can process up to 18 input parameters (signals). This requirement was based upon an airplane with four engines and a requirement to record 11 operational parameters for up to 25 hours.

Answer 78

READ

Question 79

CSMU

Answer 79

crash-survivable memory unit

Question 80

(ELT)

Answer 80

Emergency Locator Transmitter

Question 81

ULB

Answer 81

Underwater Locator Beacon

Question 82

automatically activate when the recorder is immersed in water

Answer 82

pinger