Instuderingsfrågor - Uppdaterad 2025-03-18 Flashcards
(84 cards)
What are the fundamental questions social cognition asks?
Answer: Social cognition fundamentally asks: How do we perceive, interpret, remember, and use information about ourselves and others to navigate our social world? This encompasses questions about attribution, attitudes, stereotypes, prejudice, and self-concept, exploring how these processes shape our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Explanation: Think of it as a detective investigating a social scene. Social cognition examines the ‘evidence’ (information) we collect, how we ‘interpret’ it (perception, biases), and how this shapes our ‘case’ (behavior). It’s about understanding the mental mechanisms driving social interactions.
What is the role of the social agent?
Answer: The social agent is the individual actively processing and responding to social information. This involves perception, interpretation, and behavioral reactions within a social context.
Explanation: Think of it like a computer processing social inputs (people, events). The agent’s ‘software’ (cognitive processes) determines how these inputs are understood and acted upon. This differs from a passive recipient of social information.
What are the assumptions of social cognitive research?
Answer: Social cognitive research fundamentally assumes that human behavior is shaped by cognitive processes, social contexts, and the interplay between them. It posits that people actively interpret and construct their social realities, influencing their actions and judgments.
Explanation: Unlike purely behavioral or biological approaches, social cognition emphasizes mental processes like attention, memory, and judgment in understanding social interactions. Imagine it like a play: the script (social context) interacts with the actors’ interpretations (cognitive processes) to produce the performance (behavior).
What are the modern trends discussed during the lecture that exemplify social cognitive research?
Answer: Modern trends in social cognitive research exemplified during the lecture include (1) the increasing integration of neuroscientific methods, mostly brain imaging, which allows for a deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying social cognition; and (2) the dependence on culture (WERIDs).
Explanation: These trends reflect a shift towards more interdisciplinary approaches, integrating insights from neuroscience and cultural psychology to gain a more comprehensive understanding of social cognition. For example, neuroscience helps pinpoint brain regions involved in empathy and cultural perspectives highlight the variability of social cognition across different groups.
Who are the WEIRD people and why is it important to talk about them?
Answer: WEIRD refers to participants from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic societies. Over-reliance on WEIRD samples in social cognition research limits generalizability, as their experiences and cultural norms may not represent the broader human population.
Explanation: WEIRD samples are convenient but not representative. Imagine studying fish behavior only in aquariums; you’d miss crucial aspects of their natural behavior. Similarly, WEIRD-centric research risks misrepresenting universal social cognitive processes.
What is priming?
Answer: Priming is the implicit memory effect where exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus.
Explanation: Imagine a word puzzle where seeing the word “ocean” makes you faster at solving words related to water. That’s priming: prior exposure subtly shapes subsequent processing. It highlights the automatic nature of many cognitive processes.
What is the difference between automatic and controlled cognitive systems?
Answer: Automatic processes are fast, effortless, and unconscious, operating outside of conscious awareness. Controlled processes are slow, deliberate, and conscious, requiring attention and effort. They differ in speed, awareness, and capacity.
Explanation: Imagine driving a car: initially, shifting gears is controlled. With practice, it becomes automatic, freeing attention for other tasks. This illustrates the shift between controlled and automatic processing.
What are the social factors that influence whether cognitive process is automatic or controlled?
Answer: Social factors influencing automatic vs. controlled processing include social pressure (conformity, obedience), time constraints, and the expertise of the individual in the social context. Automatic processing is favored under pressure or with high expertise; controlled processing is used when time allows and expertise is low.
Explanation: Imagine a basketball player: under game pressure (high social pressure, time constraint), they rely on automatic skills. A novice, however, would use controlled processing, consciously thinking through each move. Expertise reduces the need for controlled processing in social situations.
What are some of the methods researchers use to understand what others are thinking?
From slides: Experience sampling (Report thoughts at random times), random probes (Rapport their mind wandering), think aloud (verbalize thoughts during tasks), naturalistic social cognition (Observing and later questioning people about thoughts during interactions), role play participation (Simulated scenarios to study behavior in controlled settings).
Answer: Researchers employ diverse methods to infer others’ thoughts, including behavioral observation (analyzing nonverbal cues like facial expressions and body language), self-report measures (questionnaires and interviews assessing subjective experiences), and psychophysiological techniques (measuring physiological responses like heart rate or brain activity associated with cognitive processes). Computational models are also increasingly used to simulate and predict social cognition.
Explanation: These approaches reflect the multifaceted nature of understanding mental states. Behavioral observation is akin to reading a book by its cover, while self-report is like asking the author directly. Physiological measures offer a glimpse into the ‘inner workings’ of the mind.
Which and what are the unimode models?
Answer: Unimode models of social cognition propose that we use a single cognitive process to understand both our own and others’ behaviors, rejecting the dual-process theory’s distinction between intuitive and deliberate thinking. They emphasize the role of context and available information in shaping our judgments.
Explanation: Unlike dual-process models (e.g., System 1 and System 2), unimode models argue that the same cognitive mechanisms are used regardless of the complexity or speed of processing. Think of it like a single toolbox with different tools used for various tasks, rather than two separate toolboxes.
What is the dual-stage two-phase model of selective attention?
Answer: The dual-stage two-phase model proposes that attention operates in two stages: pre-attentive processing (parallel, automatic feature analysis) followed by attentive processing (serial, controlled selection based on features). Phase 1 involves detecting basic features; Phase 2 involves deeper processing of selected items.
Explanation: Imagine a visual search: you automatically notice color (Phase 1), then focus on a specific shape within that color (Phase 2). This model highlights the interplay between automatic and controlled processes in selective attention.
What is the difference between attention and encoding?
Answer: Attention is the selective focusing of cognitive resources on specific information, while encoding is the process of transforming that information into a format suitable for storage in memory. Attention is a prerequisite for encoding; you can’t encode what you don’t attend to.
Explanation: Imagine a spotlight (attention) illuminating details in a room (sensory input). Encoding is then like taking a photograph (memory trace) of that illuminated area. Without the spotlight, the photo is dark and useless.
What is so special about faces?
Answer: Faces possess a unique neural architecture in the brain, namely the fusiform face area (FFA), suggesting specialized processing. This specialization allows for rapid and efficient encoding of facial features, crucial for social interaction and recognition.
Explanation: Unlike other objects, faces are processed holistically and configurally, meaning the relationship between features matters more than individual features. This allows us to recognize faces despite variations in lighting, expression, or age, similar to how we recognize melodies despite variations in instrumentation.
What did Todorov et al. (2005) study show?
Answer: Todorov et al.’s (2005) study demonstrated that people can make accurate judgments of political candidates’ competence and trustworthiness based on brief, unconstrained facial appraisals.
Explanation: Participants assessed faces for only 100 milliseconds, revealing the potent and rapid influence of facial features on social judgments, highlighting the role of rapid, automatic processes in social cognition. This relates to other studies on ‘thin-slicing’ and the impact of first impressions.
What are the neural correlates of face perception?
Answer: The fusiform face area (FFA) in the inferior temporal lobe is crucial for face perception. Other areas, including the superior temporal sulcus (STS) for dynamic aspects and the occipital face area (OFA) for early visual processing, also contribute.
Explanation: Think of it like an assembly line: OFA provides the raw visual input, FFA identifies the face, and STS processes expressions and gaze. Damage to any part disrupts the process.
What is the difference between change blindness and choice blindness - what do they show us about our attention and encoding capacities?
Answer: Change blindness is the failure to notice a change in a visual scene, while choice blindness is the failure to notice a change in a choice already made. Both highlight our limited attentional resources and how our memory encoding can be surprisingly malleable.
Explanation: Imagine a magician’s sleight of hand (change blindness) or someone subtly switching your coffee order (choice blindness). These demonstrate how inattentional blindness and post-decisional distortion shape our perception and memory.
What is the anger vs. happy superiority effect when it comes to face perception and what conclusions did we draw from it?
Answer: The anger superiority effect describes faster and more accurate detection of angry faces compared to happy faces. This is likely due to evolutionary pressures prioritizing threat detection. The lack of a comparable “happy superiority effect” highlights the asymmetrical nature of emotion processing, with negativity bias playing a crucial role.
Explanation: Imagine a fire alarm; its urgent signal (anger) grabs attention more readily than a pleasant chime (happiness). This asymmetry reflects our brain’s prioritization of potential threats for survival. The absence of a symmetrical effect for positive emotions reinforces this evolutionary perspective. This relates to questions about attentional biases and emotional regulation.
What makes certain stimulus salient?
Answer: Stimulus salience arises from a combination of factors: inherent stimulus characteristics (e.g., intensity, novelty, size), individual differences (e.g., goals, expectations, prior knowledge), and contextual factors (e.g., surrounding stimuli).
Explanation: Imagine a crowded room: a bright red object immediately catches your eye (intensity), a sudden loud noise grabs your attention (novelty), and a familiar face stands out (prior knowledge). These diverse factors interact to determine what becomes salient.
How does saliency influence our cognitive processes (memory, judgements) and what influences what becomes salient to us?
Answer: Salient stimuli, those that attract attention due to their vividness or personal relevance, are preferentially encoded in memory and disproportionately influence judgments. Factors influencing salience include individual differences (needs, goals), contextual factors (surprisal, contrast), and stimulus characteristics (intensity, novelty).
Explanation: Imagine a crowded room: a bright red shirt (stimulus characteristic) will likely grab your attention more than a plain one, influencing your memory of who was present and your judgments of the individuals. This is because the red shirt is salient.
What did the Graham & Lowery (2004) study demonstrate regarding accessibility and priming?
Answer: Graham & Lowery (2004) showed that accessible concepts prime related concepts more strongly than less accessible ones. The accessibility of a concept influences the likelihood of it spreading activation to related concepts.
Explanation: Imagine a spiderweb: a strongly tugged (accessible) strand vibrates further, affecting nearby strands (related concepts) more than a weakly tugged (inaccessible) one. This highlights the impact of memory activation on subsequent processing.
What conditions are best for priming effects?
Answer: Priming effects are strongest when the prime and target share semantic features, the interval between prime and target is short, and the processing is automatic rather than deliberate. Individual differences in attention and cognitive resources also play a role.
Explanation: Think of it like this: The more similar two concepts are (prime and target), and the less time you have to think about it, the stronger the automatic link between them will be. This is why subtle cues can have a powerful, yet often unconscious, influence on our thoughts and actions. Related to attentional processes and encoding specificity.
What is the difference between self-schema and self-esteem?
Answer: Self-schema refers to the cognitive structures that organize our knowledge about ourselves, encompassing beliefs and memories shaping self-perception. Self-esteem, conversely, is the evaluative component, reflecting our overall positive or negative self-regard.
Explanation: Imagine a house (self-schema): its structure, rooms (beliefs, memories). Self-esteem is like the house’s overall condition: well-maintained (high self-esteem) or dilapidated (low self-esteem). They are distinct but interconnected; schema influences esteem.
Which brain areas involved in self- vs. other-perception?
Slides:
mPFC - only for self-perception
For both self- and other-perception
* Lateral Prefrontal
* Cortex
* Precuneus/Posterior
* Cingulate
* Temporal cortex
Answer: The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) shows heightened activity during self-referential processing, while the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is more active when considering others. However, the distinction isn’t absolute; activity varies depending on task demands and the specific self/other contrast.
Explanation: Think of it like two spotlights in the brain. The mPFC shines on ‘me,’ while the TPJ illuminates ‘them.’ But the brightness and focus of each spotlight can shift depending on what we’re thinking about.
What are the findings from the Leiden Self-Concept study?
Slides: Depending on what information about the self (prosocial, academic, physical) we are evaluating different areas of the brain are activate. Age also matters, eg. for evaluating physical traits,
Answer: The Leiden Self-Concept study revealed a complex, multi-faceted self-concept, not a unitary entity. It identified various self-aspects, highlighting their dynamic interplay and influence on self-esteem and behavior. Individual differences in self-concept structure were also significant.
Explanation: Imagine the self as a mosaic, not a single tile. The Leiden study reveals the different ‘tiles’ (self-aspects) and how their arrangement varies across individuals, impacting self-perception. This contrasts with simpler models viewing self-concept as a single, global evaluation.