Integ Test 2 Flashcards
What system in the body is considered a high pressure system of vessels that carries blood from LV–>Aorta–>body tissues
Aterial system
What happens to blood pressure as blood moves distally and away from the heart?
it get’s lower
Which layer of of aterial vessle contains smooth muscle and what is the innevation?
Tunica Media (middle layer), smooth muscle Innervated by sympathetic nervous system, increase in sympathetic output causes smooth muscle to contract thereby inducing VASOCONTRICTION, and thus limiting blood flow.
What layer of aterial vessels does gas exchange occur?
Tunica Intima. (this layer is fragile and easily traumatized)
Large Muscular arteries are used to distrubte blood pressure, what is the normal pressure
90-100 mmHg
What is the normal blood pressure in Aterioles and how to they play a significant role in maintaining blood pressure.
- 25-35 mm Hg
2. Blood Pressure is maintained through sympathetic innervation
Where does gas exchange take place (oxygen and nutrients in and carbon dioxide out of tissues to/from capillaries via DIFFUSION)
capallaries
How does blood return to the heart from the capallaries
venous system
What is the primary cause for arterial insufficiency?
Arteriosclerosis
other causes: Trauma Acute embolism Diabetes RA Thromboagitis (Buerger's disease) most often seen in young adults that smoke
Thickening or hardening/loss of elasticity of arterial walls is known as
Arteriosclerosis
Systemic disease, where arterial lumen is gradually and progressively enchoarched upon (caused by a build up of fatty plaques and cholesterol) is known as
Atherosclerosis
What effect does cholesterol have on Arterial Insufficiency?
High LDLs enhance cholesterol deposition, lipids, calcium deposits, and scar tissue accumlate on the initmal layer, causing progressive stenosis.
make sure you look at the LDL/HDL ratio, because low HDLs can also contribute
Normal LDL<200
Describe Intermittent Claudication and what are the pain characteristics
- Acitivity Specific discomfort due to local ischemia (activity increases the oxygen/blood demand)
- Pain stops within 1-5 minutes of ceasing the provocative activity
- Pain is described as cramping, burning, or fatigue.
What percentage of stenosis does a vessel need to have to be classified as claudication
50%
With Claudication, the body may try to accomodate by decreasing ________ causing vasodilation. However, once ___ occulusion occurs, even maximal vasodilation will not be adequate to meet the demands of the tissue. Tissues _____to occlusion will become ischemic and painful
sympathetic input, 70%, distal
Claudication pain scale range
0: No pain-
4: Maximal Pain
List the progression of Aterial Insufficiency
AS–>IC–>Ischemic rest pain–>Ulcer
How is ischemic rest pain characterized?
it’s a burning pain that is exacerbated at night or with elevation, relieved by dependency.
note that is is because circulation is so poor that gravity takes effect on it. With the limb elevated, blood has to flow against gravity to reach the distal limb.
What percentage of stenosis has to occur in the vessel to be classified as ischemic rest pain?
-> 70%
Why do arterial ulcers or gangrene occur?
anything that increases the oxygen requirements on the tissues has the potentially to fatally upset the balance between oxygen supply and tissue demand therefore resulting in ulceration
Aterial Insufficiency ulcers are most commonly due to
trauma to an ischemic limb, 5-10% of all LE ulcers
What can arterial insufficiency ulcers turn into?
gas gangrene, which can be systemic and go to other areas in the body and is considered fatal
List the Risk Factors of Aterial Insufficient Limbs
- Hyperlipidemia/Elevated LDL
- Smoking
- Diabetes
- Advanced age
- Trauma
- Hypertension
Causes vasocontriction, decreases perfusion and oxygen availability, increases clot formation and increased cholesterol Depostion
SMOKING
