Integrated higher brain function Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is the Telencephalon composed of?
Cortex and Basal ganglia
What are the main structures of the Diencephalon?
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Which structures are included in the Mesoencephalon?
Tegmentum and Tectum
What are the components of the Rhombencephalon?
Medulla, Pons, and Cerebellum
What does the Neocortex refer to?
The remainder of cortex, including projection and association areas
What is the Archicortex and its components?
Non-olfactory rhinencephalon, including hippocampus and limbic system
What does the Paleocortex represent?
Olfactory portion of rhinencephalon, including piriform lobe and Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)
How is cortical development associated with evolution?
Cortical development is linked to evolutionary development
What is the relationship between cortical size and intelligence?
Cortical size and level of convolution are often associated with intelligence, but not always
What are the components of the Limbic System?
- Limbic lobe: cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampal formation: fornix
- Amygdala: striae terminalis
- Hypothalamus: mamillary bodies
- Olfactory bulb
- Septal area
What role does the Limbic System play in memory?
Highly linked to memory via senses like vision and smell
What is the function of the Amygdala?
Generates emotional states
What are the main roles of the Hypothalamus?
Prepares body physiologically for situations such as fight or flight
What are the functions of the Hippocampus?
- Pattern completion
- Pattern separation
What are the types of sensory cortices?
- Visual cortex
- Olfactory cortex
- Auditory cortex
- Gustatory cortex
- Somatosensory cortex
What are the components of the Visual Cortex?
- Primary Visual Cortex V1 (striate cortex)
- Visual association areas (V2-V5)
What are the two streams of the Visual Cortex and their functions?
- Ventral stream: form recognition and object representation
- Dorsal stream: motion, representation of object locations, and control of eyes and arms
What happens when there is damage to the dorsal stream?
- Optic ataxia: can’t use visuospatial information to guide arm movements
- Akinetopsia: inability to perceive motion
What are the consequences of damage to the ventral stream?
Agnosia: inability to recognize objects and faces or interpret facial expressions
What are the components of the Association Cortices?
- Parietal cortex
- Prefrontal cortex
- Motor cortex
What is the role of the Parietal cortex?
Integration of retinotopic information to create egocentric and allocentric maps
What are the stages of sleep?
- Stage 1 (NREM sleep)
- Stage 2 (NREM sleep)
- Stage 3 (NREM sleep)
- Stage 4 (NREM sleep)
- Stage REM sleep
What characterizes REM Sleep?
Rapid eye movements, autonomic activation, and loss of postural muscle tone (atonia)
What initiates REM Sleep paralysis?
Activation of neurons in the ventral medial medulla that release GABA and glycine onto skeletal motoneurons
