Integrated immune response II Flashcards

(28 cards)

1
Q

What activates the complement system on extracellular bacteria, and which pathway [6]

A
  • peptidoglycan (alternative)
  • lipopolysaccharide (alternative)
  • mannose (lectin)
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2
Q

What is the difference between the alternative and lectin path way [2]

A
  • alternative does not need another cell to activate it
  • lectin is activated by cell-cell recognition
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3
Q

Identify the effector functions of the innate immune system acting on extracellular bacteria [3]

A
  • opsonisation
  • membrane attack complex (MAC): bacteria lysis
  • inflammatory response
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4
Q

What is the difference in response in b cell activated in Ti antigens vs B cells activated Td antigens [2]

A
  • Ti: only produces IgM
  • Td: B cell produces IgM and IgG
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5
Q

Identify ways in which the immune system attacks extracellular bacteria [5]

A
  • B cell activation by T cells
  • neutralise antibodies
  • opsonised phagocytosis
  • antitoxins
  • complement pathways (C1. C3b, MBL/MASP)
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6
Q

Which Th cell is key in the immune response to bacteria

A

Th1

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7
Q

Describe how the CD4 Th1 cells fights against extracellular bacteria in the adaptive immune response [3]

A
  • Il-17, TNF etc. lead to inflammation
  • IFN-y activates macrophages
  • other cytokines induce antibody response
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8
Q

Identify 3 ways in which extracellular bacteria evade the immune response

A
  • inhibit complement activation
  • resistance of phagocytosis
  • antigenic variation
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9
Q

identify the strategies of Neisseria has to evade humeral immunity [4]

A
  • change surface antigens
  • she fragments of membrane, so that immune system attacks blebs instead
  • secretes IgA protease, to break down IgA
  • Pili changes how bacteriai looks to immune response
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10
Q

Identify ways in which the immune response response to intracellular bacteria [4]

A
  • activation of neutrophils (IL-17 increases ROIs, NO and defensins)
  • Il-12 produced by CD4 cells activates TH1, increased macrophage activation and granuloma formation
  • CTL activation: TNF, IGNy for inflammation
  • neutralising antibodies by plasma cells
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11
Q

Describe the role of Th1 cells in the adaptive immune response against intracellular bacteria [8]

A
  • ROS and NO, respiratory burst
  • which activate lysosomal enzymes in phagocytes
  • Produce IFN-y and CD40
  • activates M1 macrophages

-IL-3
- to stimulate production of monocytes in bone marrow

-CCL2
attracts monocytes to site of infection

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12
Q

Identify ways in which intracellular bacteria evade the immune response [3]

A
  • inhibit formation of phagolysosome
  • disrupts phagolysosome to escape into cytoplasm
  • produce modified PAMPs, inhibiting PPR signalling
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13
Q

Explain why septic shock is so dangerous [5]

A
  • excess cytokine leads to inflammation
  • lots of fluid leaves blood vessels
  • rapid decrease in BP
  • Circulatory collapse
  • intravascular coagulation
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14
Q

Describe the structure of a virus [4]

A
  • genome
  • envelope
  • capsid
  • glycoproteins
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15
Q

Put these in order of peak on a graph of days after viral infection and why
- type I IFN
- antibodies
- Nk CELLS
- cd8 T cells

A
  • Type I IFN: change to alter cell surface membrane to signal something is wrong
  • NK cells: kill virally infected cells
  • Virus specific CD8+ cells: oil infected cells, specific and targeted
  • Antibodies: act on extracellular viruses, remain in body for a long time
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16
Q

Identify the pattern recognition pathways induced by a viral infection [3]

A
  • TLR (3, 7, ,8 ,9)
  • RIG-I receptors
  • cGAD-STING pathway
17
Q

Discuss the benefits of seasonal flu vaccines [3]

A
  • prevents suffering for those at high risk
  • expensive so can’t offer to everyone
  • only predictive
18
Q

Identify ways in which the immune system can target the influenza virus [6]

A
  • block virus release form mucin
  • block virus attachment to host cell
  • block virus fusion (viral DNA entering host cell nucleus)
  • block virus release from host cells
  • trigger FcR mediated effector function
  • activate complement pathway
19
Q

Identify ways in which viruses evade the immune repose [4]

A
  • Interfere with TRAF (HepB)
  • Interfere with IRF activation (ebola, HPV)
  • Interfere with NF-kB (measles)
  • Interfere with STASTs (SARS-coronona)
20
Q

How does HSV evade the immune response [2]

A
  • inhibits antigen presentation
  • interferes with TAP transporter
21
Q

How does CMV evade the immune response [3]

A
  • inhibits antigen presentation
  • inhibits proteasomal activity
  • removes MHC I molecules from ER
22
Q

How does EBV evade the immune response [2]

A
  • inhibition of antigen presentation
  • inhibits proteasomal activity
23
Q

Explain how the immune system has overcome with CMV evasion [3]

A
  • MHC I self presentation act as inhibition response for NK
  • any cell that does not have many MHC I self class does not inhibit NK cells
  • if not inhibited NK cells will cause lysis of infected cells
24
Q

Describe the two phases of replication in regards to the HSV [2]

A
  • lytic: cell replicates and lyses host cell causing Cold sores
  • lysogenic: integrates into host genome, not actively dividing, hides in sensory neurones
25
Define the term antigenic drift
process in which a pathogen varies genetically slightly in minor ways form year to year
26
Define the term antigenic shift [4]
- radical change in genetic variation - new strain of virus - which can access new species - causes endemics and pandemic
27
Explain how a lateral flow test works as a test for viral infections [5]
- swab taken (analyte) - analyte flows across LFT - antibodies for wanted target bind if virus is present (antibodies conjugated Tag) - antibodies with virus bound stick to test line containing same antibodies creating first line (positive test) - antibodies will bind to second line (valid test_
28
Explain how ELISA is used to diagnose viral infections [2]
- measures turbidity - can be used to measure how much of virus is present