Integrated Sciences - Physics

Question 1

Define Wave

Answer 1

A wave is a periodic disturbance in a material or space.

Slide 3 Waves

Question 2

Characteristics of a Wave

Answer 2

A wave moving through a medium causes each particle it interacts with to vibrate, or oscillate about a fixed position. This transfers energy from the source of the wave.

Slide 3 Waves

Question 3

Define Progessive Waves

Answer 3

Waves that move outwards from their source are called progressive (travelling) waves.

Question 4

What are the Two Types of Progressive Waves?

Answer 4

The two types of progressive wave are transverse and longitudinal.

Slide 3 Waves

Question 5

Describe Transverse Waves

Answer 5

In transverse waves, each particle oscillates perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. There is no horizontal movement.
e.g. In waves in water, the water moves up and down about a point (by the same distance it moves up, it moves down about this point)

Slide 4 Waves

Question 6

Describe Longitudinal Waves

Answer 6

In longitudinal waves, each particle oscillates parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. There is no vertical movement.
e.g. If one end of a slinky is moved back and forward consistently, the compression and rarefaction of the slinky appears to move forward down the slinky, however the coils return to their initial position.

Slide 5 Waves

Question 7

Define Amplitude (in the context of waves)

Answer 7

The change in a wave in a single period

The distance the wave reaches from it origin

Slide 11 Waves

Question 8

Define Wavelength (in the context of waves)

Answer 8

The distance between successive crests (peaks) of a wave

Slide 11 Waves

Question 9

Define Crest and Trough (in the context of waves)

Answer 9

The respective peak and bottom of a wavelength

Slide 11 Waves

Question 10

Define the Period (in the context of waves)

Answer 10

The time for a wave to repeat itself

Slide 11 Waves

Question 11

Define Rest (in the context of waves)

Answer 11

The equilibrium position of a wave

Slide 11 Waves

Question 12

Define Frequency (in the context of waves)

Answer 12

The frequency is the number of complete cycles per second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz), where
1Hz = 1 complete wave per second.

Slide 17 Waves

Question 13

State (in mathematical terms) the Relationship between Wave Speed, Wavelength, and Frequency

Answer 13

Wave Speed = Wavelength × Frequency
ms^-1 meters hertz

Likely given in equation packet

Slide 18 Waves

Question 14

Describe Reflection (in the context of waves)

Answer 14

When waves hit a barrier or boundary that they cannot pass through, they are reflected.
When reflected, waves undergo a phase change of 180°, or π radians.

Slide 21 Waves

Question 15

Describe Refraction (in the context of waves)

Answer 15

Refraction is the bending of waves as it passes from one medium to another
e.g. when a straw is partially submerged in a clear glas of water, it looks like it bends at the point where it enters the water, due to the light being refracted

Not in Waves Slide, but in Topics List

Question 16

Describe Diffraction (in the context of waves)

Answer 16

Diffraction is the spreading out of waves as they pass through a gap or around objects

Not in Waves Slide, but in Topics List

Look up Wave Diffraction Physics for diagrams

Question 17

Define Sound Waves

Answer 17

A Vibration that travels through a medium like air or water

Can be longitudinal, mechanical and/or pressure wave

Not in Waves Slide, but in Topics List

Question 18

How do we percieve sound waves?

Answer 18

Volume (loud, quiet) is the amplitude
Pitch is the frequency (high pitch, high frequency)

Not in Waves Slide, possibly in Topics List

Question 19

Define the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Answer 19

The full range of electromagnetic radiation organized by frequency or wavelength
This includes radio, micro, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, and x ray radiation

Partially mentioned in Slide 8 Waves, but in Topics List

produced by the acceleration of charged particles, and, unlike mechanical waves, can transmit energy through a vacuum. They are always transverse waves.

Question 20

What are some characteristics of a circuit diagram?

Answer 20

• The circuit is always rectangular, with straight lines and right angles at junctions
• The power source is at the top of the circuit, being a battery or power supply
• The individual circuit parts are drawn in simplified ways to allow quick understanding of the circuit e.g a bulb is a circle with an x in it, or an ammeter is a circle with an a in it

See Simple Circuits for more information

Check your books or online for all of the symbols, theyre important. Most important ones are DC Power Supply (im 90% sure thats what we use), resistor, variable resistor, bulb, ammeter and voltmeter

Question 21

Define “In series”

In the context of a circuit

Answer 21

In series means that it is part of the same loop, with Ammeters always being connected in series

Not in Slides, but lesson notes

Question 22

Define “in parallel”

In the context of a circuit

Answer 22

In parallel means it is on its own loop that splits away from the rest of the circuit at a junction. Voltmeters are always connected in parallel

Not in Slides, but lesson notes

Question 23

Describe Current (I)?

Answer 23

• Measured in Amps
• Measured using an ammeter (suprisingly)
• The Current is the amount of electric charge moving per second

Slide 7 Simple Circuits

Question 24

Describe Voltage (V)?

Answer 24

• Measured in Volts (no way)
• Measured using a voltmeter (who wouldve guessed)
• Also known as potential difference
• The pressure that pushes electrons through a circuit

Slide 8 Simple Circuits

Question 25

Describe Resistance (R)? | What is its unit and how is it calculated

Answer 25

* Measured in Ohms, which is written as Ω * Resistance is a measure of the opposition a mnaterial exerts against the flow of electrons * Measured using the current and voltage passing through it This formula can be changed to make V or I the subject, but yall prob know how to do that also its called ohms law ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ V (V) R (Ω) = -------- ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ I (A) | Slide 9 Simple Circuits, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 26

Define Flux

Answer 26

"The force per (unit of current) per (unit of length)" Signifies the strength of a magnetic field Unit is tesla (T) and is equal to 1Nm^-1A^-1 | Slide 8 Magnetic Fields, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 27

Describe Fleming's left-hand rule

Answer 27

The direction of the force acting of a wire carrying a current can be predicted using this. When holding out your left hand in a specific orientation (see slide 6 Magnetic Fields) the thumb indicates motion, the index figer the magnetic field (north to south) and the middle finger indicates current. | Slide 6 Magnetic Fields

Question 28

State the relationship between force, flux, current, length of wire, and angle between wire and field

Answer 28

Force = Flux * Current * length of wire in field * sin(angle between wire and field) Or: F = BILsinθ Or rearranged: B = F / ILsinθ | Slide 8 Magnetic Fields, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 29

What is electric charge?

Answer 29

a feature of electrons and protons, that causes them to interact with each other. | Direct copy from pptx ## Footnote Also probably other elementary particles, but not relevant rn.

Question 30

What is the unit of electric charge?

Answer 30

The coulomb (C) | Equivalent to the charge transported by 1 ampere of current in 1 second

Question 31

How do charges interact with each other?

Answer 31

Like charges (++) repel Unlike charges (+-) attract Unlike is also "Opposite" Like is also "Same" | Direct copy from pptx

Question 32

When is an object "charged"

Answer 32

if it has an imbalance of positive and negative charges This is usually due to addition or removal of electrons | Direct copy from pptx

Question 33

What is an electric field?

Answer 33

a region where a charged particle will experience a force | Direct copy from pptx

Question 34

How are electric fields represented?

Answer 34

By electric field lines The direction of the lines represents the direction of the field it shows the direction a positive charge would move in the field The distance between lines represents the strength of the field the closer the lines, the stronger the field | Direct copy from pptx

Question 35

What is the inverse-square law?

Answer 35

States that the farther away an object is from an effect, or a physical quantity causing an effect, the less change can be observed in the object. | Direct copy simple.wikipedia.org article

Question 36

What is Coulomb's law?

Answer 36

F=k*q1q2/r^2 k is a constant we dont need to know F is the resulting force Q (1,2) are the charges of 2 objects r is the distance | Slide 9 Electric Fields Equation will be given if needed

Question 37

Define and give characteristics of a Displacement - time graph

Answer 37

A graph which shows the displacement of a moving object over time The gradient/slope is equal to the velocity of the object The area under an acceleration-time graph is the change in velocity. | Mentioned in Slide 3 Kinematics & Slides 37, Motion

Question 38

Define and give characteristics of a Velocity - time graph

Answer 38

A graph which shows how the velocity changes over time. This graph also shows direction, where it can have both positive and negative velocity The gradient/slope is equal to the acceleration of the object The area under a velocity-time graph is the displacement. | Mentioned in Slide 8 Kinematics & Slides 37, 40 Motion

Question 39

Describe the difference between distance and displacement

Answer 39

Distance is simply a measurement of how far apart objects are Displacement is the distance an object has moved from an original point, with direction | Slides 5 and 6 Motion

Question 40

Describe the difference between Velocity and Speed

Answer 40

Speed is the change in position over time, or how fast an object moves through a distance Thus, speed is distance divided by time, and is measured in ms^-1 Since distance isnt a vector, speed is neither Velocity is a measure of how fast an object moves through a displacement Thus, velocity is displacement divided by time, and is measured in meters per second (ms^-1) Since displacement is a vector, so is Velocity | Slides 10, 11 Motion

Question 41

Suvat Equations

Answer 41

v = u + at s = ut + (1/2)at2 v2 = u2 + 2as s = (1/2)(v + u) / t | Slide 3 Motion Equation will be given if needed

Question 42

Define Acceleration

Answer 42

Acceleration is a change in velocity over time. Since velocity is a vector, so is acceleration. | Slide 14 Motion

Question 43

Define Terminal Speed

Answer 43

The maxium speed an object can reach as it falls through a medium | Slide 42 Motion

Question 44

Define a Projectile

Answer 44

A projectile is an object that has been given an initial velocity by some sort of short-lived force, and then moves through the air under the influence of gravity. | Slide 48 Motion

Question 45

Describe the trajectory of a projectile in the abscense of air (resistance)

Answer 45

The trajectory will always be a parabola | Slide 50 Motion

Question 46

Define Force

Answer 46

The vector sum of all the forces on an object gives a net or resultant force. | Slide 3 Dynamics

Question 47

Describe the outcome of a situation where an object has forces of equal magnitude in perfeclty opposing directions acting on it at the same time

Answer 47

There is no ‘net’ or resultant force on the mass: the forces are balanced. | Slide 3 Dynamics

Question 48

State Newton's First Law (the law of inertia)

Answer 48

Objects moving in free space with no forces acting on them will continue to move in a straight line at a constant velocity until a force causes them to change speed or direction. | Slide 5 Dynamics

Question 49

State Newton's Second Law

Answer 49

If there is a resultant force on an object, it accelerates in the direction of that force. Its acceleration is directly proportional to the force, and inversely proportional to the object’s mass. Meaning: F = ma F in N m in kg a in ms^-2 | Slide 9 Dynamics, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 50

State Newton's Third Law

Answer 50

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Forces always come in pairs. Newton’s third law applies only to forces between objects. Pairs of action and reaction forces are of the same kind. | Slide 15 Dynamics

Question 51

Define Work

Answer 51

Work is the energy transfer that takes place when a force causes an object to move. Or: work done = force applied × distance moved in direction of force (W = Fs) W in Joules F in Newtons s in Meters | Slide 3 Work Energy and Power, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 52

How can Work be measured when force is applied at an angle

Answer 52

work done = force applied × distance moved in direction of force x cos(angle) (W = Fscosθ) W in Joules F in Newtons s in Meters | Slide 6 Work Energy and Power, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 53

Describe a Force - Distance Graph

Answer 53

A graph used for calculating work. Since Work is the product of force and distance, (Work = Force x Distance) the area underneath the force distance line is equal to the work | Slide 9 Work Energy and Power

Question 54

Define Energy

Answer 54

Energy is the measure of the ability of an object or a system to perform work. There are many types of Energy. | Slide 12 Work Energy and Power

Question 55

Define Kinetic Energy

Answer 55

The energy of an object, due to its speed Or: kinetic energy = ½ * mass * speed^2 (E_k = ½mv2) | Slide 12 Work Energy and Power, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 56

Define Gravitational Potential Energy

Answer 56

The energy of an object, due to its position in a gravitational field Or: gravitational potential energy = mass * gravitational field strength * height (E_p = mgh) often: (ΔEp = mgΔh) | Slide 12 Work Energy and Power, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 57

Define Elastic Energy

Answer 57

The energy of an object, stored when it is stretched or compressed | Slide 12 Work Energy and Power

Question 58

Define Chemical Energy

Answer 58

Energy stored in chemical bonds | Slide 12 Work Energy and Power

Question 59

Define Nuclear Energy

Answer 59

Energy stored in nuclei | Slide 12 Work Energy and Power

Question 60

Define Energy Transfer

Answer 60

The change of energy from one form to another e.g. heat and sound when a car brakes, originating from friction | Slide 13 Work Energy and Power

Question 61

State the first law of thermodynamics (the law of conservation of energy)

Answer 61

Energy cannot be created, or destroyed; it can only be changed into another form. | Slide 14 Work Energy and Power

Question 62

Define Resistive Forces

Answer 62

Resistive forces are forces that act on a moving body in the opposite direction to the direction of movement. e.g. friction, which includes drag and air resistance | Slide 23 Work Energy and Power

Question 63

Describe the Relationship between power, work done, and time taken

Answer 63

power = work done / time taken W = ΔE_p + ΔE_k where ΔE_p is positive when ΔE_k is negative and vice versa | Slide 27 Work Energy and Power, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 64

Define Power

Answer 64

Power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at which energy is transferred. Power is measured in Watts

Question 65

Define Efficiency (in the context of Work Energy and Power)

Answer 65

Efficiency is the ratio of useful work done by a device, to the total work done (or the ratio of useful output energy to the total energy input). Or: efficiency = useful work done / total work done Or: efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input usually represented as a percentage | Slide 31 Work Energy and Power, Equation will likely be given if needed

Question 66

Define a Sankey Diagram

Answer 66

A Sankey diagram is a type of flow diagram that shows the major energy transfers, including energy losses, through a closed system. Remember, the intended output is always the one that continues towards the left, even if it is only 5% | Slide 32 Work Energy and Power