Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biochemistry > Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is impotant about glucose 6 phosphate, pyruvate and acetyl CoA?

A

They serve as metabolic junction points.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate can be converted into what three molecules?

A

Glycogen

Pyruvate

Ribos-5P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pyruvate can be converted into what four molecules?

A

acetyl CoA, lactate, alanine and oxaloacetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acetyl CoA can be converted into what three molecules?

A

carbon dioxide, fatty acids and ketone bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the liver, lipid and amino acid breakdown is stimulated by what?

A

glucocorticoids.

It is distributed as ketone bodies in the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ketone bodies are used in what type of tissues

A

All tissues

They are used for ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In the liver, what two processes are stimulated by glucocoricoids and glucagon/epinephrine?

A

gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In adipose tissue, triglyceride breakdown is stimulated by what molecules?

A

glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In skeletal muscle, what breaks down protein?

A

cathepsins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In skeletal muscle, protein beakdown is used for what two mechanisms?

A

gluconeogenesis and ketone body production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In skeletal muscle, glycogen breakdown and glycolysis are stimulated by what molecules?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In skeletal muscle, what is made from glycogen breakdown and glycolysis?

A

lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In skeletal muscle, glycogen breakdown and glycolysis allow for the glycogen breakdown and glycolysis. What is produced?

A

lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is considered the “number one metabolic player” in the body?

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does the liver have such a quick response to dietary conditions?

A

Becasue of its rapid turnover of its enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What organ proesses most of the incoming nutrients?

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What metabolic pathway does the liver depend on for its own energy needs?

A

beta oxidation of fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

After absorption, where do amino acids directly go to?

A

the liver through the portan vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the liver use amino acids for?

A

proteins

gluconeogenesis

biosynthesis of nitrogen containing molecules

fuel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or false: the liver normally fuels the body by releasing its fat stores during fasting

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What type of tissue stores triglycerides and releases fatty acids and glycerol?

A

adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes the released of fatty acids and glycerol from fatty acid tissue?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What protein assists in transporting fatty acids in the blood?

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Brown fat has a high level of what substance?

A

thermogenin.

It is metabolically activated by cold exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What enzymes convert triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?
cAMP-activated lipases
26
What system is used for short-term energy?
phosphagen system
27
What energy system is used for short-term energy?
anaerobic glycolysis
28
What energy system is used for long term energy?
oxidative system
29
Once ATP is exhausted, it is replenished by what enzyme?
phosphocreatine
30
How long does phosphocreatine last?
approximately ten seconds
31
The muscle and the liver are both involved in what process?
The cori cycle. It allows for the regeneration of glucose from lactate. The liver gonverts lactate into glucose, which is then sent to the muscle and converted into glycogen.
32
The brain is dependent on blood glucose at ___ to maintain ion gradients.
4.5 mM
33
How much of the total oxygen consumed does the brain use?
20%
34
After several days of low glucose intake, what does the brain use as fuel?
keton bodies
35
Does cardiac muscle use aerobic or anaerobic mechanisms to attain fuel?
aerobic only
36
What pathway is inhibited by the action of insulin?
gluconeogenesis
37
As glucose uptake increases, the activity of what transporter is increased?
glucose transporter
38
As glucose uptake increaes, the activity of what enzyme also increases?
glucokinase
39
As glycogen synthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme increases?
glycogen synthase
40
As glycogen breakdown DEcreases, the activity of what enzyme DEcreases?
glycogen phosphorylase
41
As glycolysis increases, the activity of what enzyme increases?
PFK-1
42
As fatty acid synthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme increases?
acetyl-CoA carboxylase
43
As TAG sysnthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme increases?
lipoprotein lipase
44
What is the only organ capable of carring out all of the reactions of the major biochmeical pathways?
The liver
45
What pathway is inhibited by the action of insulin?
gluconeogenesis
46
what type of receptor is the insulin receptor?
receptor tyrosine kinase
47
As glucose uptake increases, the activity of what enzym also increases?
GLUT4 (muscle, adipose) Glucokinase (liver)
48
As glycogen synthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme also increases?
glycogen synthase
49
As glycogen breakdown decreases, the activity of what enzyme also decreases?
glycogen phosphorylase
50
As glycolysis acitivty increases, the acitivity ofo what enzyme also increases?
PFK-1
51
As fatty acid synthesis increases, the activity of what enzyme also increases?
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
52
As TAG synthesis increases, the acitivity of what enzyme also increases?
lipoprotein lipase
53
Insuling binding triggers auto-phosophorylation at what amino acid?
tyrosine
54
An increase in the fight or flight response causes what to happen to glucose?
it is more readily broken down
55
As the fight or flight response increases, how is glucagon secretion affected?
it increases
56
The glucagon receptor acts through what type of proteins?
G proteins.
57
During a well-fed state, what hormone is active in the liver?
insulin
58
During a well-fed state, What hormone is present in adipose?
insulin
59
In the well-fed state, what are some processes that occur in the liver?
cholesterol synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis
60
In the well-fed state, what are some processes that are active in adipose tissue?
cholesterol synthesis, fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, glycolysis, pentose shunt
61
In the fasting state, what are some processes that occur in the liver?
ketone body synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis
62
In the fasting state, what hormone is present in the liver?
glucagon or epinephrine
63
In the fasting state, what hormone is present in adipose tissue?
glucagon
64
In the fasting state, what are some processes that take place in adipose tissue?
triglyceride breakdown, fatty acid oxidation
65
In the fasting state, what are some processes that take place in the muscle?
ketone body utilization, fatty acid oxidation
66
At high energy, there are ___ levels of ATP and NADH and ___ levels of NAD+.
high, low
67
When there is high energy, what molecule is favored?
DHAP; it is converted to G3P (Fat)
68
What is the cellular energy sensor?
AMP-activated protein kinase
69
When ATP is ____, AMPK is inactivated
high
70
When ATP is ___, AMPK is allosterically activated.
Low
71
The ____ between ATP and AMP for binding to the AMPK allosteric sites determines the activity of AMPK.
competition
72
True or false: AMPK activates glucose uptake and glycolysis
True
73
True or false: AMPK inhibits insulin secretion
True
74
What is leptin?
a molecule that is released from fat and signals the hypothalamus that an organism is full.
75
What does caloric restriction result in?
lower blood glucose levels declines in glycogen and fat stores enhanced response to insulin lower body temperature
76
What is the effect of deleting the SIR2 gene?
it abolishes the ability of caloric restriction to lengthen life in yeast and roundworms

Biochemistry (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions