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Fundamentals Of Living Cells > Integration Of Whole Body Metabolism > Flashcards

Integration Of Whole Body Metabolism Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

How much glucose does the brain use daily?

A

100-120g

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2
Q

What is over half the energy consumed used for in the brain?

A

Sodium potassium transport to maintain membrane potential and in synthesis of neurotransmitters

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3
Q

What is glucose B transported by?

A

GLUT3

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4
Q

What is the danger point for plasma glucose levels in the brain?

A

Below 2.2mM

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5
Q

What are fatty acids used for normally in the brain?

A

Membrane biosynthesis

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6
Q

How does the cardiac muscle respire?

A

Aerobically

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7
Q

Does cardiac muscle have glycogen stores?

A

No (possibly a tiny bit?)

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8
Q

What is the main source of energy for cardiac muscle?

A

Fatty acids

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9
Q

What sources of energy can cardiac muscle use (not fatty acids)?

A

Lactate and ketone bodies

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10
Q

What is adipose tissues function?

A

Reservoir of metabolic energy in the form triglycerides

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11
Q

How much TG will a 70kg man store?

A

15kg

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12
Q

Where do TGs come from?

A

Diet or chylomicron

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13
Q

Where are TGs synthesised?

A

Liver

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14
Q

What are TGs transported by after synthesis?

A

VLDLs

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15
Q

What is glucose transported by?

A

GLUT4

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16
Q

What is GLUT 4 sensitive to?

A

Insulin

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17
Q

How many times daily is plasma filtered in the kidney?

A

Up to 60 times

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18
Q

Why is water soluble material largely reabsorbed in the kidney?

A

To prevent loss

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19
Q

How much energy do the kidneys consume?

A

10%

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20
Q

How much blood glucose does the kidney contribute during starvation?

A

Half

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21
Q

What molecules does the liver metabolise?

A

Carbs
Fatty acids
Amino acids

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22
Q

What does the liver provide fuel for?

A

Brain, muscle and other peripheral organs

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23
Q

What happens in the liver after glucose is transported in hepatocytes by glut2?

A

Immediately phosphorylated by glucokinase

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24
Q

Where does G6P come from in the liver?

A

Glycogen breakdown or gluconeogenesis

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25
What enzyme is used to take G6P-glucose?
G6Phosphatase
26
How is glucose transported out of the hepatocyte cell?
GLUT2
27
What happens if the blood glucose gets about 6.6mm?
Glucose enters the hepatocytes by the GLUT 2 transport molecule
28
What is the glucokinases km level?
Low
29
What does it mean if molecules have a low km?
Saturated at high levels of glucose
30
What enzyme facilitates the glucose-> G6P reaction?
Hexokinase
31
What is the km for glucose?
0.1mM
32
What is the concentration of glucose inside cells?
Low
33
What does an increase in insulin lead to in muscle cells?
Increase in glucose uptake by glut4
34
Do muscle cells use hexokinase or glucokinase?
Hexokinase
35
When sprinting, what is power and speed dependant on?
Availability of ATP
36
What is creatine phosphate?
Relatively small but rapidly mobilised ATP store which only lasts a few seconds
37
Creatine phosphate + ADP->?
ATP + creatinine enzyme
38
What is the creatinine enzyme called?
Creatinine kinase
39
What does build up of lactase cause?
Fall in pH
40
How do cells respire in a marathon?
Aerobic respiration
41
What does aerobic respiration for a marathon require the cooperation of?
Muscle, liver and adipose tissue
42
How much slower is metabolism with fats as compared to creatine
10x slower
43
When the body is fed, what process increase?
Glycolysis Glycogen synthesis Fatty acid synthesis
44
When the body is fed, what molecules increase?
Glycogen | Fatty acids
45
When the body is fed, what process decrease?
Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenolysis Fatty acid degredation
46
When the body is fed, what molecules decrease?
Glucose | Ketone bodies
47
What is the first priority for the body when starved?
Maintain glucose levels
48
What is the second priority for the body when starved?
Preserve proteins
49
How does the body preserve proteins in starvation?
Metabolism shifts from glucose to fatty acids and ketone bodies
50
When is the post absorptive phase?
Several hours after the last meal
51
What happens in the post absorptive phase?
- blood glucose falls, insulin levels fall and glucose levels rise - phosphorylase a activity increase as does glycogen breakdown - drop in insulin reduces glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissues
52
When the body is starved, what process decrease?
Glycolysis Glycogen synthesis Fatty acid synthesis
53
When the body is starved, what molecules decrease?
Glycogen | Fatty acids
54
When the body is starved, what process increase?
Glyconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Fatty acid degredation
55
When the body is starved, what molecules increase?
Glucose | Ketone bodies
56
When is early starvation?
24hrs
57
What happens in early starvation
- Glucose released from liver due to gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis - mobilisation of FAs from adipose tissue - glucose use falls as muscle switches to FA oxidation - initial increase in protein breakdown
58
What happens to the energy after 12 hrs of starvation?
45% of resting energy from FA and 40% from glucose
59
When is intermediate starvation?
3-20 days
60
What happens in intermediate starvation?
- glycogen stores depleted - increased lipolysis and ketogenesis - increased gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose - further starvation means the kidney takes over gluconeogenesis from the liver
61
What happens to the beta hydroxybutyrate after 8 days?
Raised 50fold
62
How long is prolonged starvation?
More than three weeks
63
What happens in prolonged starvation?
- Other sources of gluconeogenic precursors are lactate and glycerol - lactate is recycles by the coricycle - glycerol and amino acids are oxidised - proteins are broken down by the muscle forming amino acid precursors
64
When does the betahydroxybutyrate plateau in starvation?
At 20 days
65
During prolonged starvation, what does the need for glucose fall to?
100g-> 40g/day

Fundamentals Of Living Cells (41 decks)

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