Integrative Metabolism Slides

Question 1

urine is comprised of

Answer 1

urea ammonia and uric acid

Question 2

what are important compounds that lie at crossroads of major metabolic pathways

Answer 2

pyruvate
acetyl CoA

Question 3

T/F Liver is the only major tissue that can carry out all of the pathways we have studied ( FA biosyn, Box, Glycol, GNG, AA, TCA, Glycogen synth & Degradation)

Answer 3

T

Question 4

What is the major energy source of the brain and what is under and extended fasting state?

Answer 4

Glucose
Ketone Bodies

Question 5

what energy sources can the muscles utilize

Answer 5

Glucose
FA
Ketone Bodies

Question 6

function of phosphocreatine

Answer 6

stores high energy phosphate for quick ATP formation

Question 7

Fatty acids are what organs fuel of choice when at rest

Answer 7

heart

Question 8

during workout what is the major source of energy of the heart

Answer 8

Ketone Bodies

Question 9

function of adipose tissue

Answer 9

store and release FA

secrete hormones

Question 10

fatty acids for storage come from

Answer 10

lipoproteins

Question 11

TAGs are hydrolyzed by

Answer 11

hormone-sensitive lipase

Question 12

if glycerol 3P is in short supply what can happen

Answer 12

free FAs can be released in the blood stream

Question 13

if you have high levels of glucagon (low blood glucose) or high levels of epi what does this activate in terms of TAG mobilization

Answer 13

activates receptors in liver and adipose

cAMP

Question 14

if you have high levels of cAMP describe what is activated and decreased

Answer 14

activates protein kinases
decreases lipid synthesis
activates hormone sensitive lipase

Question 15

T/F TAG–> FA + Glycerol –> FA sent to liver

Answer 15

F, it is Glycerol that is sent to the liver

Question 16

all nutrients absorbed by small intestines passes through portal vein to the liver except?

Answer 16

FAs

Question 17

Major role of the liver is

Answer 17

to act as blood glucose buffer

Question 18

how does liver act as blood glucose buffer

Answer 18

takes up glucose from blood stream after meal

OR

supplies bloodstream with glucose when its low

Question 19

what lipoproteins contain ApoC-II which activates lipoprotein lipase

Answer 19

Chylomicrons
VLDL
IDL

Question 20

under low energy demands in the Liver FAs are converted to

Answer 20

TAGs and VLDL

Question 21

Liver can synthesize and degrade

Answer 21

TAG

Question 22

What can the liver produce

Answer 22

glucose
Ketone bodies

Question 23

why cant the liver utilize Ketone Bodies

Answer 23

lacks 3-ketoacylCoA-trasnferase

Question 24

under high metabolic demands what is the major energy source in the liver and what pathways are activated in the liver

Answer 24

FAs

GNG and KB synthesis

Question 25

what do amino acids serve as a source for ( 3 things , in the liver )

Answer 25

carbon skeletons for energy production conversion to glucose (glucogenic AA) conversion to KB ( ketogenic AA)

Question 26

T/F AA are used for energy after a meal in the liver

Answer 26

T

Question 27

what is the organ whos main role is filtration

Answer 27

Kidneys

Question 28

define filtration

Answer 28

remove wastes while recovering metabolites

Question 29

what is the kidneys 3 major roles

Answer 29

1. Buffer (pH) 2. Nitrogen Metabolism 3. Solubilization for excretion

Question 30

release of insulin from the pancreas is trigger by

Answer 30

glucose

Question 31

insulin promotes fuel storage where

Answer 31

in muscle and adipocytes

Question 32

what hormone receptors are found in adipocytes

Answer 32

Glucagon Insulin Epinephrine

Question 33

what hormone receptros are found in liver

Answer 33

glucagon epinephrine insulin

Question 34

what hormone receptors are found in liver

Answer 34

insulin epi glucagon

Question 35

what lacks a glucagon receptor

Answer 35

muscles

Question 36

high levels of glucagon activate what pathway in the liver ? what about adipocytes?

Answer 36

Glycogenolysis in liver FA breakdown via hormone-sens lipase

Question 37

high levels of insuline activate what pathway in muscle, adipocytes, and liver

Answer 37

Glycogenesis in muscle lipogenesis glycogenesis in liver

Question 38

high levels of Epi activate what pathway in muscle, adipocytes, adn liver

Answer 38

Glycogenolysis Lipolysis glycogenolysis & GNG in liver

Question 39

what hormones can adipocytes produce

Answer 39

Adiponectin Leptin

Question 40

where can apiponectin bind

Answer 40

liver and muscle cells

Question 41

what is the effect of high levels of AMPK

Answer 41

increase insulin sensitivity

Question 42

what is the satiety hormone?

Answer 42

leptin

Question 43

what hormone is the appetite stimulator (hungry) and what is the appetite suppressor (full)

Answer 43

Ghrelin Leptin