Integument Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
What are the general structures of common integument?
A
Cutis (epidermis and dermis). Subcutis (hypodermis). Modified skim structures.
2
Q
What are the layers of the epidermis?
A
Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum Granulosum, Straum lucidum, Stratum Corneum.
3
Q
Describe Keratinisation
A
Keratinocytes produced in Stratum Basale, differentiate into Corneocytes in the Stratum Corneum.
4
Q
What is the Dermis made of?
A
Elastin fibres, collagen fibres arranged in langer lines
5
Q
What is subcutaneous tissue?
A
Loose connective tissue. Contains adipose tissue for energy storage, insulation, padding.
6
Q
What is the purpose of cutaneous muscle?
A
Skin Movement
7
Q
What cells produce pigment against sun radiation?
A
Melanocytes
8
Q
Where subcutaneous tissue
A
Between skin and muscle fascia
9
Q
Name of cutaneous muscle over neck and face
A
Platysma
10
Q
Name of cutaneous muscle over Frontal bone
A
Frontalis
11
Q
Name of cutaneous muscle that spreads from sternum to neck
A
Cutaneous colli
12
Q
Name of cutaneous muscle over side of trunk
A
Cutaneous trunci
13
Q
Name of cutaneous muscle over shoulder and arm
A
Cutaneous omobrachialis
14
Q
Name of cutaneous muscle connecting Ventral midline to prepuce
A
Preputial Muscles
15
Q
What are Langer Lines>
A
Collagen Fibres orientated in particular ways in the dermis
16
Q
What is the function of Common Integument?
A
Protection, immune defence, sensory, thermoregulation, storage and excretion, communication, selective permeability (waterproofing)
17
Q
What is Gastrulation?
A
Formation of Germ Layers during embryonic development.
18
Q
Name the 3 Germ Layers
A
Ectoderm (top)
Mesoderm (middle)
Endoderm (bottom)
19
Q
Name the process of forming Neural tissue
A
Neuralation
20
Q
Which Germ layer changes to create Neural Folds
A
Ectoderm
21
Q
What do neural folds create
A
neural groove
22
Q
How is the neural tube created?
A
neural grooves join
23
Q
How are Neural Crest cells formed?
A
Neural tube fuses
24
Q
what is the function of the notochord
A
induces change in the neural ectoderm
25
which Germ cell forms epidermal cells (+ neural cells and melanocytes )
Ectoderm
26
What do Mesoderm cells develop into
Dermis and Subcutis (and organs, blood, connective tissue, musculoskeletal system)
27
What do Endoderm cells develop into
gut and respiratory system linings
28
What is Innervation?
supplied with nerves
29
what are Somites?
Blocks of mesoderm tissue
30
What is a dermatome?
Segment of dermis from somite that has been innovated by a single spinal nerve
31
Where are hair, feathers, wool, scales developed from?
Epidermis and mesenchymal (dermal) tissue
32
where does hair grow from?
ectodermal bud (in mesenchyme tissue)
33
Name the Specialised Mesenchyme cells at the base of the Hair Follicle, and their role
Hair papilla, provide blood and nerve supply
34
What is Hair, what is its composition?
Thin chain of keratin. Inner medulla, middle cortex, outer cuticle.
35
Name the stiff straight hair
Guard Hair (topcoat)
36
Name fine wavy hair
Wool Hair (undercoat)
37
Thick long hair
Tacticle hairs
38
How far do Tactile hair reach
subcutis or cutaneous muscle
39
what regulates shedding?
Pineal Gland (+ temperature and nutrition)
40
What is the growth stage of the hair growth cycle (1)?
Anagen
41
What is the atrophy stage of the hair growth cycle) (2)?
Catagen
42
What is the resting phase in the hair growth cycle? (3)
Telogen
43
What stage of the hair growth cycle does the follicle proliferate and hair falls out? (4)
Anagen (again)
44
What are the functions of hair?
Protection, Thermoregulation, waterproofing, communication, sensory
45
What are the epidermal layers in bird skin?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Germinativium (basale)
46
what is the core of a feather?
Vascular Dermis
47
What are the 3 glands in bird skin?
Uropyial gland (preen)
Aural gland
Vent gland
48
Describe the structure of a feather
A rachis shaft with Vanes either sides made of Barbs with interlocking barbules. And a Calamus base.
49
What are flight feathers?
Contour Feathers
50
Which Feathers have an insulating/ thermoregulatory function
Down Feathers and Semi plumes
51
Which feathers are sensory?
Bristles and filopumes
52
what are powdered down feathers?
Feathers covered with a fine waxy keratin powder for waterproofing (if they have less preen glands)
53
What are the function of feathers?
Protection, Waterproofing, thermoregulation, communication/ camouflage, sensory, flight
54
What are the layers of epidermis in reptiles?
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Intermedium
Stratum germinativium (basale)
55
What is the name of bony plates in the dermis of Reptiles
Osteodermis
56
Name for shedding?
Ecdysis (dysecdysis if abnormal)
57
What are fish scales derived from?
Mesoderm
58
Function of fish scales?
sense water vibrations and orientation
59
How are fish scales more permeable than other species?
little Keratinisation/ corneocytes.
60
What is homology?
similar structure and function due to common ancestors.
61
Where are melanocytes found?
Stratum Basale
62
what is a footpad
Thick subcutis with adipose tissue partitioned by collagen and elastic fibres.
63
What layer is added for protection in the footpad?
Thickly cornified Stratum Corneum (epidermis)
64
How do footpads have increased grip?
Eccrine sweat glands
65
How are footpads attached to the skeleton?
ligaments
66
What is the function of footpads?
Shock absorbers
67
What is horn?
Keratinised epidermis (mainly stratum medium)
68
What are the layers in nails, hooves, claws?
Epidermis, dermis
69
what is the junction between skin epidermis and hoof called?
Cornet
70
What is the function of Laminae
Anchores hoof to underlying dermis
71
what is the quick?
The nail dermis, has nerves and blood vessels
72
What is the cornium?
The hoof dermis
73
What are the 5 parts to the cornium?(dermis)
Perioplic
Coronary
Lamellar
Solar
Frog
74
What is the coronary/ digital cushion in a hoof
subcutis
75
What are the layers of the hoof epidermis?
Stratum externum
Stratum medium
Stratum internum
76
Are there nerves or blood vessels in the hoof epidermis?
no
77
What produces Stratum Externum
Perioplic papillae
78
What is the main bulk of the hoof wall?
Stratum medium
79
What is the stratum internum?
Epidermal laminae
80
What is the function of the frog
Protect the digital cushion
81
Name the central bit of the frog?
Central sulcus
82
Where is epidermal laminae produced from?
Coronary Dermis
83
What is the white line made of?
Epidermal laminae and interlamellar horn
84
Where is interlamellar horn produced
From terminal papillae that grow from underneath dermal laminae. (underneath the distil phalanx so nothing to anchor the hoof to)
85
Where is the bar?
Outside of the bulb heal
86
What is the side of the frog called?
Lateral Medial Sulcus
87
How does Venous return occur?
Frog compresses the digital cushion, cartilage squashed which squeezes blood into venous plexus
88
How do hooves not damage the mothers tissue in the womb?
Hooves are covered by deciduous hoof capsule
89
Where do antlers grow from?
Pedicle in frontal bone
90
What is Velvet?
Well vascularised skin on growing antlers
91
How is velvet shed?
Blood supply is cut off
92
What is a mature antler?
Exposed living bone
93
Which skin layer does the horn bud start?
Subcutis
94
What are horns covered in?
Keratin sheath
95
Are horns fused to the skull?
Yes
96
What do horn fractures risk?
Frontal sinus infection
97
Where do you inject anaesthetic for dehorning?
Cornual nerve
98
Which get shed (cast), horns or antlers?
Antlers, regrow every year. Horns keep growing with age.
99
What is sebum in sheep?
Lanolin
100
what is the function of sebaceous glands?
Waterproof, anti microbial, pheromones (communication), trail marking, sexual status, helping young find udder.
101
What are the scent marking glands in cats?
Circumoral glands and carpal glands
102
What are the trail marking glands in sheep?
Interdigital pouch
103
What are the glands surrounding the eye in sheep?
Infraorbital pouch
104
Which glands help lambs find the udder in sheep?
Inguinal pouch
105
Name the 2 anal glands in dogs?
Anal sac glands, circumanal glands
106
What swear so apocrine sweat glands release?
Albuminous, has bits of cell membrane and cytoplasm
107
Describe eccrine sweat
Watery
108
What is the name of eccrine secretion?
Merocrine (exocytosis)
109
Which type of sweat has an odour?
Apocrine
110
Where are apocrine glands secrete sweat onto
Hair follicles
111
Where do eccrine sweat glands secrete sweat onto?
Footpads (For grip) and nasolabial plate of cattle
112
Which skin layer are apocrine and eccrine sweat glands found?
Apocrine is Subcutis
Eccrine is Dermis
113
What are mammary glands?
Highly modified apocrine sweat glands that secrete milk and colostrum
114
Where is milk produced?
In Mammary cuboidal epithelial cells
115
What are lobules?
Groups of mammary cuboidal epithelial cells lined by alveoli
116
What are groups of lobules?
Lobes
117
What pushed milk out of the alveolus?
Myoepithelial cells
118
Where does milk drain into after the intralobular duct?
The interlobular duct then the lactoferous duct
119
Where is milk stored?
Lactiferous sinus (Teat and gland sinus)
120
Name the tissue responsible for milk production?
Parenchyma
121
What is the importance of separate milk ducts
Infection or matitis (Inflammation) won’t spread
122
What are the 3 glands in birds
Uropygial (preen) gland
Vent gland
Aural gland
123
Do birds have sweat or sebaceous glands?
Sebaceous
124
What are femoral pores in agamid reptiles?
Scent glands
125
What are the functions of avine glands?
Waterproofing, antimicrobial, feather care, vitamin D production
126
What are inguinal glands? (rabbits)
Scent marking glands either side of genitals
127
What are caudal glands? (Guinea pigs)
Territory marking glands
128
What are the functions of mucus glands in fish?
Insulation, protection, reduce water friction, uv protection
129
What are the 3 scent glands in rabbits?
Chin, inguinal, anal
130
What are the glands in Syrian and dwarf hamsters?
Syrian: flank scent glands
Dwarf: Ventral Glands
