Integument

Question 1

What does the the skin do? Explain the 6 factors.

Answer 1

1, protection (Radiation, germs, waterproof, physical damage.
2, storage (water and fat)
3, thermoregulation (sweating, goose bumps, vessels contracting, adipose layer)
4, communication (Warning signs and pheromones)
5, sensory (Touch, pain, temperature, pressure)
6, production (Sweat and sebum, odour, heat, vit d)

Question 2

What is the most superficial skin layer and what type of epithelium is it?

Answer 2

The epidermis and stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 3

What are the 5 layers of epidermis?

Answer 3

1, stratum corneum
2. Startum lucidum
3, stratum granulosum
4, stratum spinosum
5, stratum basale/germinativum

Question 4

Which layer of epidermis is most superficial?

Answer 4

Stratum corneum

Question 5

Which layer of epidermis is in the pads/Nose and also reduces friction between other layers?

Answer 5

Stratum lucidum

Question 6

Which layer of epidermis does the cells produce keratin?

Answer 6

Stratum Granulosum

Question 7

Which layer of epidermis are the cells dead and filled with keratin?

Answer 7

Stratum corneum

Question 8

Which layer of epidermis are the cells alive and replicating?

Answer 8

Stratum spinosum

Question 9

Which layer of epidermis is the deepest and produces melanin?

Answer 9

Stratum basale/germinativum

Question 10

What is the purpose of the dermis layer in the footpads?

Answer 10

Supports the foot and acts as a shock absorber

Question 11

Which pads are missing in the hind paw?

Answer 11

Single digital and carpal pad

Question 12

What does a alveolar gland do? (sebaceous)

Answer 12

Opens into the side of the hair follicle and secretes an oily substance called sebum.

Question 13

What are the 4 factors about sebum?

Answer 13

1, waterproofs the coat
2, antibacterial action
3, contains pheromones
4, precursor to vitamin d

Question 14

What are the 4 specialised sebaceous glands?

Answer 14

1, tail glands - dorsal surface
2, circumanal glands - surround the anus
3, anal sacs - secretion pushed out with faeces
4, meibomian (Tarsal) glands - eyelids

Question 15

What are eccrine sweat glands

Answer 15

Watery secretion that is directly secreted onto the skin to help thermoregulation. Has no smell and on hairless parts of the body.

Question 16

What are apocrine sweat glands

Answer 16

Thicker secretion into the hair follicles, over most of the body. Smells and thermoregulation in horses.

Question 17

What are mammory glands? And how many pairs do the dog and cat have?

Answer 17

Modified sweat glands. Dog = 5 pairs and cat = 4 pairs.

Question 18

What are ceruminous glands?

Answer 18

Specialised sweat glands in the ear canal which secretes cerumen (ear wax)

Question 19

What are guard hairs?

Answer 19

Stiff and straight hairs on the outer coat. They are tough and provide waterproofing,

Question 20

What are the fast acting sensory long guard hairs called which are scattered throughout the coat?

Answer 20

Tylotrich hairs

Question 21

What are the hairs called on the undercoat which are soft and thin?

Answer 21

Secondary/wool hairs

Question 22

What are the hairs called that are mainly on the face? (Whiskers)

Answer 22

Tactile hairs

Question 23

What are the 3 stages of hair growth?

Answer 23

1, anagen - growth
2, catagen - transition
3, telogen - resting

Question 24

Where does the epidermis on the outer hoof grow from?

Answer 24

The coronary band

Question 25

What is the inner layer of the hoof wall called and what does it do?

Answer 25

Laminae and it holds the bone into the hoof.

Question 26

What is the outer layer junction between the hoof and the skin called?

Answer 26

Periople

Question 27

What is the structure called on the hoof which consists of the softer horn?

Answer 27

The frog

Question 28

What is it called where the sole and the wall meet?

Answer 28

White line

Question 29

What is the fold of skin called where the coronary border/band lies?

Answer 29

Claw fold

Question 30

What muscle pulls the claws forward in cats?

Answer 30

Digital flexor muscle

Question 31

What 2 things are feathers made from?

Answer 31

1, central shaft called calamus and rachis | 2, vanes (Soft part) containing barbs so can interlock

Question 32

What are the 6 feathers?

Answer 32

``` 1, primary/flight 2, secondary 3, contour 4, down 5, filoplume 6, bristle ```

Question 33

Which feather provides overall shape?

Answer 33

Contour feathers

Question 34

Which feathers are used for insulation?

Answer 34

Down feathers

Question 35

Which feathers are found on the face?

Answer 35

Bristle feathers

Question 36

What is the fold of skin on the rabbits neck called they use to pluck to nest build?

Answer 36

Dewlap

Question 37

Where are the scent glands in hamsters?

Answer 37

Lateral flank

Question 38

Where are the scent glands in gerbils?

Answer 38

Ventral