Integument System

Question 1

What makes up the integumentary system?

Answer 1

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

Question 2

The skin or integument is the body’s ____?

Answer 2

Largest organ

Question 3

What is the function of the integumentary system?

Answer 3

Protect internal body structure

Question 4

The two layer of the integument are ______ and _______.

Answer 4

Epidermis and Dermis

Question 5

The epidermis is made of ____.

Answer 5

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 6

The dermis is the deeper layer, and made primarily up of _____.

Answer 6

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 7

The subcutaneous layer is:

Answer 7

Deep to dermis, with a layer of a replace connective tissue, also called hypodermis, not apart of integumentary system, involved in structure and function of skin

Question 8

The epidermis is made of what?

Answer 8

Karatinized, stratified squamous epithelium

Question 9

What are the layers of strata in the epidermis? Which are live and which are dead?

Answer 9

Stratum corneum -dead
Stratum lucidum -dead
Stratum granulosum -live
Stratum spinosum -live
Stratum basal -live

Question 10

Stratum Basale:

Answer 10

Deepest layer in epidermis,
One layer thick,
Attached to basement membrane,
Have 3 cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile or merkel cells

Question 11

Define keratinocytes

Answer 11

Most abundant cell type in epidermis, can be found on all layers of epidermis, make keratin, keratin strengthen skin and waterproof it

Question 12

Define melanocyte

Answer 12

Produce melanin, then the melanin gets packaged and internalized by keratinocytes in higher layers

Question 13

Define Tactile cells/ merkel cells

Answer 13

Sensitive to touch,
Pressure causes them to release Chemicals which are then detected by free nerve endings

Question 14

Stratum spinosum:

Answer 14

Several layers of polygonal keratinocytes,
Spiny layer,
Has epidermal dendritic or Langerhans cells (immune cells),
Keratinocytes make keratin, strengthening tissue

Question 15

How do epidermal dendritic, langerhans cells fight infection?

Answer 15

By phagocytosing pathogens and starting an immune response

Question 16

Stratum granulosum:

Answer 16

Three to five layers of keratinocytes,
Granular layer,
First layer of keratinization,

Question 17

What is keratinization?

Answer 17

The process where keratinocytes fill with keratin causing nucleus and organelles to disintegrate. The fully keratinized cell is dead but the structurally sound process is not complete until there are more superficial layers.

Question 18

Stratum Lucidum

Answer 18

Two to three layers of keratinocytes,
Translucent/ clear layer,
Found on thick skin- palms and soles,
Filled with translucent protein called eledin, intermediate product in keratin maturation, protects skin form UV light

Question 19

Stratum corneum:

Answer 19

20-30 layers of dead, interlocking keratinized cells,
Cells annucleate and tightly packed plasma membrane enclosing keratin protein,
Hornlike layer,
Unsuitable layer for growth of microorganisms,
Secretion of exocrine glands help with growth prevention,
Originate from stem cells in basale,
Migrate through starts to stratum corneum over two weeks undergoing structural changes, renewing in corneum another two weeks,
are shed

Question 20

What are the variations in the epidermis:

Answer 20

Different body regions,
Between individuals,
Thickness, color, and skin markings

Question 21

Characteristics of thick skin:

Answer 21

On palms, soles, fingers and toes
5 layers of epidermal strata
Sweat glands
No hair follicles or sebaceous glands
.4- .6 mm thick

Question 22

Characteristics of thin skin:

Answer 22

Covers most of body,
Lacks a lucidum,
Has sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands,
.075 to .150 mm thick

Question 23

What are some variations in the epidermis in regards to color and skin markings?

Answer 23

Hemoglobin,
Melanin,
Carotene,
Nevis,
Freckles,
Hemangioma,
Friction ridges

Question 24

Coloring from hemoglobin?

Answer 24

An oxygen binding compound that is present in red blood cells.
Bright red color upon binding oxygen,
Gives blood vessels in dermis a reddish tint,
Seen most easily in those who are fair skinned,
More visible if the blood vessels dilate

Question 25

Color from melanin:

Answer 25

Produced and stored in melanocytes, Black, brown, tan, and yellow brown shades, Transferred to keratinocytes in stratum basale, Amount depends on heredity and light exposure, UV light stimulates melanin production, All people have same amount of melanocytes- the activity and color depends on individual

Question 26

Color from carotene:

Answer 26

Yellow orange, From yellow orange veggies, Accumulate inside subcutaneous fat and keratinocytes of corneum, Converted to vitamin A within body, Plays a role in vision and reducing free radicals in immune function

Question 27

What is a Nevus?

Answer 27

Mole, Harmless overgrowth of melanin, Rarely malignant

Question 28

What are freckles?

Answer 28

Yellowish or brown spots, Area of increased melanocyte activity, Based on sun exposure and heredity

Question 29

What is hemangioma?

Answer 29

Skin discoloration due to benign blood vessel tumor

Question 30

Capillary hemangiomas

Answer 30

Bright red to deep purple nodules, Present at birth but disappear in childhood, Strawberry colored birthmarks

Question 31

Cavernous hemangioma’s

Answer 31

Larger dermal blood vessels, may last lifetime, Port wine stains

Question 32

What are friction ridges?

Answer 32

Complex arches and whorls on finger, palms, soles and toes. Form large folds and valleys of dermis and epidermis, Help increase friction on contact, Each individual has a unique pattern of friction ridges, allows for personal identification.

Question 33

Dermis:

Answer 33

Deep to epidermis, .5 mm to 3 mm, composed of connective tissue, collagen elastic and reticular fibers, Motile dendritic cells serving immune function, Blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, arrector pili, Divided between papillary layer and deeper reticular layer.

Question 34

Papillary layer of dermis:

Answer 34

Composed of areolar connective tissue, Contain capillaries and sensory nerve endings, Projection of epidermis in interdigitating with papillae is called epidermal ridges, Interlock and increase the area of contact between layers

Question 35

Reticular layer of dermis:

Answer 35

Deep and major portion of dermis, Extends from papillary to subcutaneous layer, Consists of dense irregular connective tissue, Large bundles of collagen fibers, Interwoven to a mesh work surrounding structures in dermis.