Integumentary

Question 0

The two major layers of the skin

Answer 0

Epidermis

Dermis

Question 1

The largest organ of the whole body and forms a water resistant/water proof covering over the entire surface of the body

Answer 1

The skin

Question 2

The epidermis is classified as:

Answer 2

Stratified squamous epithelium

* no blood supply

Question 3

Five layers of cells that form the epidermis

Answer 3

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum germinativum

Question 4

One cell layer thick. cells are perfectly formed. This is the germinating (growing) layer. The cells are continually dividing and the new cells are pushed up to the surface to replace those, which are worn away. Pigment granules, which determine the color of the skin, are present in this layer.

Answer 4

Stratum germinativum

Question 5

Name of the pigment granules in the skin

Answer 5

Melanin

Question 6

There are no blood vessels and very few nerve endings in what?

Answer 6

The epidermis

Question 7

The basal layer is made up of which layers

Answer 7

Stratum germinativum

Stratum spinosum

Question 8

The primary site of cell division/reproduction (mitosis) in the skin. It is the layer cells are made. The deepest layer in the epidermis and is in contact with the dermis directly beneath it.

Answer 8

Basal layer

Question 9

How many days does it take for cells to move up the five layers of the epidermis before being shed ?

Answer 9

28-42 days

Question 10

Know as prickle cell layer in the epidermis in this layer the cells are living. The cells interlock by arm like threads, which give the cells a prickly appearance. Pigment granules may be found here. Cells develop desmosomes.

Answer 10

Stratum spinosum

Question 11

A layer of soft cells

Answer 11

Prickle cell layer

Question 12

Also known as the granular layer. Keratin begins to invade cells. The thickness of this layer can vary from one cell thick to several cells thick and is most dense on soles of the feet and palms of hands

Answer 12

Stratum granulosum

Question 13

As the cells die they fill with tiny granules called?

Answer 13

Keratohyalin

Question 14

The change of living cells into dead, horny, flat cells with no nucleus

Answer 14

Keratinization

Question 15

Also known as the clear layer - the cells in this layer have lost their nucleus and have a clear appearance. The cells are transparent, which allows the passage of sunlight into the deepest layers. This layer is only found on the fingertips, the palms of the hands and soles of feet

Answer 15

Stratum lucidum

Question 16

Known as the horny layer - the uppermost layer is made up of flattened dead scale - primary concern of estheticians. The keratinized cells help to prevent bacteria entering through the skin and protect the body from major injury. Cells are continually being rubbed off by friction and are being replaced by cells from the layer beneath

Answer 16

Stratum corneum

Question 17

The shedding of dead skin cells

Answer 17

Desquamation

Question 18

The natural loss of water by constant gentle evaporation through our skin is what?

Answer 18

TEWL - Trans Epidermal Water Loss

Question 19

Water makes up to _________% of the weight of the basal layer, but only _________% of the stratum corneum

Answer 19

70-75%

10-15%

Question 20

Which layer is a very important layer in understanding skin, skin problems, skin care and the beneficial effects of cosmetics and skin care preparations. It has a big role in helping to contain moisture within the rest of the skin. Under normal condition up to 15% of it consist of water. Less than 10% will cause dehydrated skin prone to damage, breakdown, and infection.

Answer 20

Stratum corneum

Question 21

In the epidermis the spaces between the cells are packed with what?

Answer 21

Fats or lipids made by the body.

Question 22

One very important group of lipids. Also ingredients of some skin care products.

Answer 22

Ceramides

Question 23

Dryness

Answer 23

Desiccation

Question 24

Important for getting rid of old skin cells

Answer 24

Natural enzymes

Question 25

" true skin" is made up of fibrous and elastic connective tissue and blood vessels. Also contains white collagen fibers and yellow elastic tissue. 25 times thicker than epidermis. Support structure

Answer 25

The dermis

Question 26

Yellow elastic tissue

Answer 26

Elastin

Question 27

Plumps the skin

Answer 27

Collagen

Question 28

Keeps skin supple

Answer 28

Elastin

Question 29

What are the two parts of the dermis

Answer 29

Papillary layer | Reticular layer

Question 30

Intercellular connections. Assist in strengthening and holding cells together.

Answer 30

Desmosomes

Question 31

Keratin is formed by cells called?

Answer 31

Keratinocytes

Question 32

1 in every 5 to 10 stratum germinativum cells are what?

Answer 32

Melanocytes

Question 33

Melanocytes are cells which produce?

Answer 33

Melanin

Question 34

Upper 1/5 of dermis - very thin. Connects dermis to epidermis. Contains pain and touch receptors and capillaries that feeds stratum germinativum. Membrane of ridges and grooves that make our fingerprints.

Answer 34

Papillary layer

Question 35

Attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs. It consist primarily of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. It protects the muscles, bones and internal organs from being damaged.

Answer 35

Subcutaneous layer

Question 36

Serves as a heat insulator and a storage site of excess nutrients

Answer 36

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

Question 37

A group of similar cells is ________.

Answer 37

Tissues

Question 38

Name the four major groups of tissues. State each function.

Answer 38

Epithelial - covering, lining Connective - connects and insulates Muscles - movement Nerve - transmit information electro-chemical signals.

Question 39

State the shapes of epithelial tissues.

Answer 39

Squamous Columnar Cuboidal Transitional

Question 40

State the function of goblet cells.

Answer 40

Produces mucous to lubricate and protect

Question 41

What cell stores lipids in the body

Answer 41

Adipocytes

Question 42

What type of forms protein fibers in the connective tissues

Answer 42

Fibroblast

Question 43

State the two primary supportive connective tissue types

Answer 43

Cartilage and bones

Question 44

Immature cartilage cells are termed

Answer 44

Chondroblast

Question 45

Mature bone cells are termed

Answer 45

Osteocytes

Question 46

What is the matrix of blood

Answer 46

Plasma

Question 47

What is the functional cell in nervous tissue

Answer 47

Neurons (receive and transmit electro-chemical signals)

Question 48

Which vitamins are fat soluble

Answer 48

A,D,E,K

Question 49

Name the vitamin necessary for blood clot formation

Answer 49

Vitamin K

Question 50

List the nutrients needed for tissue repair

Answer 50

Proteins carbohydrates Vitamins A,B,C,D,E,K

Question 51

A deficiency of this vitamin can prevent even superficial healing

Answer 51

Vitamin C

Question 52

Which cells help with tissue repair which results in scar formation

Answer 52

Stroma

Question 53

Which cells help with tissue repair which is nearly perfect

Answer 53

Parenchyma

Question 54

What is the study of the tissues called?

Answer 54

Histology

Question 55

What is the study of the skin

Answer 55

Dermatology

Question 56

List the general functions of the skin?

Answer 56

``` Secretion Heat regulation Absorption Protection Excretion Sensation ```

Question 57

The skin secretes sebum from the sebaceous glands. This fatty substance lubricates the hair shafts and when combined with perspiration on the surface of the skin, it creates a natural moisturizer, which acts as a protective barrier against bacteria

Answer 57

Secretion

Question 58

Nerves control the state of the skins blood vessels by two actions:

Answer 58

Dilation | Constriction

Question 59

The organs involved in heat production

Answer 59

Muscles Liver Digestive organs

Question 60

Name two different types of sweat glands?

Answer 60

Eccrine | Apocrine

Question 61

The sweat gland attached to the hair follicle

Answer 61

Apocrine

Question 62

Perspiration is a secretion discharged directly onto the surface of the skin by which glands?

Answer 62

Eccrine sweat glands

Question 63

What is the primary function of melanin?

Answer 63

To protect the deeper layers of the skin from damage

Question 64

What type of tissue is the skin made up of?

Answer 64

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Question 65

Keratin, a fibrous protein, would be found most abundantly in which layer of the epidermis?

Answer 65

Stratum corneum

Question 66

The layer of the epidermis (skin) where the skin is thick, that can only be found on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?

Answer 66

Stratum luciderm

Question 67

The pigment produced by melanocytes is called? What layer are these cells found?

Answer 67

Melanin. Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, (basal layer)

Question 68

How does melanin prevent skin damage from U.V. Light?

Answer 68

The more melanin the harder it is for rays to reach the dermis. Absorbs harmful rays and stops them from penetrating into body

Question 69

What will excessive exposure to U.V. Light result in?

Answer 69

Damage to the DNA in the cells in the Basal layers

Question 70

Melanocytes begin producing melanin when they are exposed to what?

Answer 70

UV light

Question 71

Natural body odor is produced by the ________ glands

Answer 71

Apocrine

Question 72

Helps with premature aging and hydration. Found in reticular layer

Answer 72

Hyaluronic acid

Question 73

How long does the desquamation process take?

Answer 73

2-3 weeks for children and infants 4-6 weeks for people in 20s 6-8 weeks for 40s - 60s

Question 74

What does the sebaceous glands secrete?

Answer 74

These are the oil glands- they secrete an oil called sebum

Question 75

List the appendages found in the dermis

Answer 75

``` Arrector muscles Blood vessels Hair follicles Nerve endings Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous - sweat glands ```