integumentary+endocrine systems

Question 1

epidermis

Answer 1

outer layer that continually replenishes, resists friction, and waterproofs
made out of stratified squamous cells

Question 2

dermis

Answer 2

VASCULARIZED dense lower layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers embedded in a semi fluid matrix
provides skin tone and toughness
cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, wbc
also contains nerve fibers and lymphatic vessels

Question 3

hypodermis

Answer 3

not really part of the skin
considered subcutaneous tissue
superficial fascia- superficial to tough ct wrapping/fascia of skeletal muscles
funct: most of bodies fat storage, thermoreg, insulation, and protection from bones compression

gained weight comes from fat placed at the hypodermis

Question 4

tissue type of the epidermis

Answer 4

stratified squamous cells

Question 5

layers of the epidermis

Answer 5

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
if thick: stratum lucidum

Question 6

stratum basale

Answer 6

1 row of columnar/cuboidal stem cells attached to the dermis
intense mitotic activity/regeneration
contains many melanocytes 10-25%
keratinocytes arise from here

Question 7

melanocytes

Answer 7

spider like cells abundant in the stratum basale and loc bt keratinocytes
deposit melanin granules to shade the top side of the nucleus to protect DNA from UV

Question 8

keratinocytes

Answer 8

produce keratin a fibrous protein that water proofs and toughens skin
is most abundant and renews every 25-45 days

Question 9

stratum spinosum

Answer 9

prickly layer
sev layers thick
pre keratin filaments and melanin granules
is attached by desmosomes
contains langerhans cells

Question 10

langerhans cells

Answer 10

dendritic cells
come from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis
phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and help activate the immune system

Question 11

stratum granulosum

Answer 11

3-5 layers of keratinocytes
keratinization
cells start to flatten and accumulate keratohyalin granules and lamellated granules
here organelles start to break down, cells begin to flatten and die

Question 12

keratohyalin granules

Answer 12

protein that organizes keratin into thicker bundles to toughen and form keratin in the upper layers

Question 13

lamellated granules

Answer 13

glycolipids are forced out of the extracellular space- a major factor in slowing water loss across the epidermis

Question 14

stratum corneum

Answer 14

horny layer
20-30 cells thick
flattened non nucleated keratinized cells whose cytoplasm is filled w keratin
protects the skin from abrasion and penetration
glycolipid bt cells waterproofs this layer
unsuitable for microorganism growth

Question 15

stratum lucidum

Answer 15

thick skin only

2-3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes just above the stratum granulosum

Question 16

thick skin

Answer 16

only in palms and soldes
thicker more protective stratum corneum
extra layer- stratum lucidum

Question 17

thin skin

Answer 17

found everywhere but palms and soles

Question 18

merkel cells of epi

Answer 18

arise from epidermis and conduct to the dermis
intimately associated with a disk like sensory nerve ending
functions as a sensory receptor for touch
nerve ending is NOT an accessory organ of the skin its part of the ns

Question 19

papillary layer of dermis

Answer 19

20%
loose areolar CT
highly vascularized and innervated
has dermal papillae that invade the epidermis and dermal pegs/downward projections
these friction ridges used in finger prints

Question 20

sensory receptors of the papillary layer

Answer 20

free nerve endings-pain,tickling, itch, hot, cold

meissners corpuscles-light touch and pressure

Question 21

reticular layer of dermis

Answer 21

80%
lower dense irregular CT w collagen and elastin
cutaneous plexus-innervation of skin by at least 2 spinal nerves
tension lines- pattern of collagen fibers that heal quickly; lose elastic w age so skin sags
flexure lines-deep dermal folds at joints for mvmt

Question 22

sensory receptors of the reticular layer

Answer 22

ruffinins corpuscles

pacinian corpusucles

Question 23

glycolipids

Answer 23

mortar bt cells of corneum to reduce water loss

Question 24

keratin

Answer 24

tough fibrous protein for protection

Question 25

hair

Answer 25

dead keratinized cells w melanins for color loc all over body except palms, soles, lips, nips, and parts of external genitalia alerts body to pres of insects on skin guards scalp from physical trauma, heat loss, and sun matrix-actively dividing area of bulb that makes hair root bulb plexus-wrapped in sensory nerves

Question 26

arrector pili

Answer 26

bundle of smooth muscle that lifts hair to make goosebumps to trap heat in cold or fear

Question 27

nails

Answer 27

scale like modification of epidermis hard keratin at superficial layers nail bed for growth

Question 28

eccrine glands

Answer 28

merocrine sweat gland most numerous loc on palms, soles, forehead for thermoreg sweat secreted thru pores

Question 29

apocrine glands

Answer 29

loc at goin/pits mature at puberty secrete reg sweat+ fats/proteins into a hair follicle produce odor bc bac on skin decomposes fats/proteins

Question 30

ceruminous glands

Answer 30

modified apocrine glands in lining of external ear canal make ear wax deters insects, and blocks entry of other materials

Question 31

mammary glands

Answer 31

specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

Question 32

sweat is

Answer 32

99% h20, salt, urea, uric acid, antibodies, and microbe killing peptides (dermicidin) acidic to help immune syst and protect skin comp depends on health/diet secreted thru pores

Question 33

sebaceous/oil glands

Answer 33

all over the body except palms and soles produce sebum-oily secretion from holocrine glands dumps into hair follicle when stimulated by hormones softens/lubes hair and skin prevents brittle hair slows h2o loss helps kill bac

Question 34

skin functions overview

Answer 34

``` protection thermoreg cutaneous sensation excretion metabolism blood res ```

Question 35

protection: chemical barriers

Answer 35

acid mantle- sweat w low ph retards multiplication defensins-nat antibiotics that punch holes in bac cathelicidins- protective peptides that prevent strep A infection melanin-pigment shields

Question 36

protection: physical/mechanical barriers

Answer 36

continuity of skin hard keratinized stratum corneum glycolipids- block h20 loss/diffusion and sol substances

Question 37

protection: biological barriers

Answer 37

dendritic langerhans cells of immune syst macrophages of dermis_2nd line DNA absorbing sun and releasing it as heat

Question 38

body temperature regulation

Answer 38

evaporation of sweat releases heat vasoconstriction- conserves heat vasodialation-releases heat

Question 39

cutaneous sensation

Answer 39

meissners corp-aware of caress+clothing (light touch) tactile disc pacinian corp- bumps/contact w deep pressure hair follicle recep-hair mvmts free nerve endings- pain, chem, heat, cold

Question 40

excretion

Answer 40

elimination of nitrogen containing wastes thru sweat

Question 41

metabolism

Answer 41

- modified cholesterol converted to cholecalciferol, a vit D precursor then converted to vit D for calc absorp - keratinocytes enzymes can disarm many cancer causing chemicals that penetrate epidermis - activation of steroid hormones cortisone-hydrocortisone (anti inflam)

Question 42

blood reservoir

Answer 42

extensive dermal vascular supply 5% of bodies entire blood volume when muscles need more blood, the NS redirects blood supply to them

Question 43

burn

Answer 43

tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals that denature proteins in skin cells and destroy protection against microbes and thermoregulation

Question 44

first degree

Answer 44

``` only epidermis is damaged skin funct remain intact redness, swelling, pain heals in 3-6 days ex-sunburn ```

Question 45

second degree

Answer 45

injures epidermis and papillary dermis (upper layer) some skin functions are lost blisters skin regen in 4-6 wks if infection prevented ex-grease, steam, flame superficial-very painful/moist 7-21 deep-doesnt heal as well, lots of scar, treated like 3rd, req surgery/grafting, over 21 days

Question 46

third degree

Answer 46

``` injures epidermis, dermis, and assoc structures skin function is lost, nerve damage-no pain slow regen req surgery/grafting ```

Question 47

fourth degree

Answer 47

most severe reaches beyond subcutaneous tissue and into muscles, nerves, and bones no pain, may be black/charred ex-chemicals

Question 48

serious burns are life threatening because

Answer 48

- lg water loss, plasma/plasma proteins might induce shock - bacterial infection - no thermoregulation - reduced circulation, decreased urine, diminished immune resp facial burns-worry of suffocation burns at joins-limit mobility

Question 49

extent of a burn is determined by

Answer 49

rule of 9's

Question 50

burn is considered critical if

Answer 50

25% body in 2nd deg burns 10% body in 3rd deg burns or 3rd deg burns of face, hands, feet

Question 51

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 51

78% most common loc in stratum basale-rarely metastasizes to dermis/hypodermis least malignant

Question 52

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 52

20% arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed

Question 53

melanoma

Answer 53

``` 5% least common but most malignant cancer of melanocytes highly metastatic and resistant to chemo req surgery and immunotherapy 30% of all melanomas begin in a mole key to survival-early detection ```

Question 54

cancer

Answer 54

abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and in some cases metastasize lose specified job

Question 55

signs to be aware of ABCDE

Answer 55

``` asymmetry border color diameter elevation ```

Question 56

endocrine system consists of

Answer 56

ductless glands, isolated and clustered cells of the gut, and specialized nerve endings that secrete hormones

Question 57

neurons communication is limited to other neurons, muscles, and glands but the endocrine system is able to regulate any cell in the body to allow the following

Answer 57

maintaining homeostasis of blood and volume controlling reproductive activities regulating development, growth, metabolism controlling digestive processes

Question 58

endocrine gland

Answer 58

any of the various ductless glands such as the thyroid, adrenal, or pituitary having hormonal secretions that pass directly into the blood stream

Question 59

hormone

Answer 59

blood borne substances/chemicals produced in endocrine glands that are involved in regulating a variety of processes regulate metabolic function of other cells lag times from seconds to hours prolonged effects

Question 60

chemical classification of hormones

Answer 60

steroids | amino acid based

Question 61

steroids

Answer 61

fat soluble/synth from cholesterol cross thru cell membrane receptor located inside of the cell binds to DNA_DNA transcription_MRNA_new proteins

Question 62

amino acid based

Answer 62

regulate cellular activities from cell surface bc it cant penetrate the plasma memb receptor loc in the cell memb G-protein activation causes cell to produce intracellular messengers like CAMP (2nd messenger) stimulates enzyme activity which produces a desired effect ``` effects alter plasma memb perm stim protein synth activate/deactivate enzyme synth induce secretory activity stim mitosis ```

Question 63

stimulation of hormones synthesis and release can be done by

Answer 63

HORMONAL- release of hormone by another hormone HUMORAL-hormone release due to blood changes NERVOUS SYST-can turn on/off factors that affect endocrine syst

Question 64

why do hormones circulate to all tissues but only activate cells referred to as target cells

Answer 64

because target cells must have specific receptors to which the hormone binds to (either inside of the cell or on the plasma membrane)

Question 65

what is the master gland

Answer 65

the hypothalamus | bc it is in charge of the pituitary gland

Question 66

anterior pituitary gland

Answer 66

adenohypophysis made up of glandular tissue hypohphyseal portal system- no neural connection to the hypothalamus VASCULAR CONNECTION PRODUCES hormones regulates the release of hormones by other endocrine glands

Question 67

posterior pituitary gland

Answer 67

neurohypophysis down growth of hypothalamic neural tissue and infundibulum direct neural connection w hypothalamus for STORAGE of hormones

Question 68

heart

Answer 68

produces atrial natriuretic peptide ANP targets the kidney decreases the amount of sodium ions in the blood, lost in the urine, reduces blood pressure and volume

Question 69

gastrointestinal tract

Answer 69

enteroendocrine cells that release local acting digestive hormones to regulate a wide variety of digestive functions

Question 70

placenta

Answer 70

temporary endocrine gland | releases estrogen and progesterone that sustains the pregnancy

Question 71

kidneys

Answer 71

secrete erythropoietin which signals the production of RBC

Question 72

skin

Answer 72

produces cholecalciferol the precursor of vit D

Question 73

bone

Answer 73

osteocalcin | improves glucose handling by increasing the production of insulin and reduces body fat