Integumentary/Musculoskeletal

Question 1

Vascular Birthmarks

Answer 1

from blood vessels that have not formed correctly, are proliferating, or dilated.

Question 2

Macular stains

Answer 2

salmon patch, angel kiss, stork bite: faint red mark on forehead, eyelid, posterior neck, nose, upper lip or posterior head.

Question 3

Hemangiomas

Answer 3

strawberries: bright red papule, plaque or nodule of extra blood vessels

Question 4

Port-wine stain

Answer 4

discoloration that looks like red wine spilled on an area. Usually on the face, neck, arms and legs. Typically grow as the child grows. Can darken and thicken over time.

Question 5

Pigmented Birthmarks

Answer 5

cluster of pigmented cells that cause color in skin. Vary in color.

Question 6

Café au lait

Answer 6

the color of coffee with milk, appear anywhere on the body and can increase in number as the child gets older.

Question 7

Mongolian spots

Answer 7

flat bluish-gray patches on the lower back or buttocks, common in those with darker complexions.

Question 8

Mole (nevi)

Answer 8

Large congenital nevi are more likely to develop into skin cancer and should be monitored.

Question 9

Albinism

Answer 9

a condition that results in little to no melanin production. Affects skin, hair and iris of eyes.

Question 10

Vitiligo

Answer 10

small patchy areas of hypopigmentation, melanocytes die or no longer form melanin.

Question 11

Intrinsic aging

Answer 11

skin changes that are caused by the body’s natural aging process

Question 12

Extrinsic aging

Answer 12

skin changes that are caused by exposure to environmental stressors.

Question 13

Contact dermatitis

Answer 13

triggered by allergen
type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity

Question 14

Atopic dermatitis

Answer 14

(eczema)
chronic inflammatory
elevated IgE
can be accompanied by asthma and allergic rhinitis

Question 15

Urticaria

Answer 15

(hives)
type 1 cell-mediated hypersensitivity
often triggered by food or medication

Question 16

Psoriasis

Answer 16

chronic, inflammatory that affects the life cycle of the skin cells, specifically keratinocytes. Cells proliferate quickly and cause thickening of the dermis and epidermis.

Question 17

Acne Vulgaris

Answer 17

Pores are clogged with oil, debris or bacteria

Question 18

Rosacea

Answer 18

More prevalent in fair-skin women.

Question 19

First degree burn

Answer 19

superficial partial thickness
epidermis layer only
pain, erythema, edema
example: sunburn

Question 20

Second degree burn

Answer 20

deep partial thickness
epidermis and part of the dermis
pain, erythema, edema, blistering

Question 21

Third degree burn

Answer 21

full thickness
complete loss of all layers of skin
white or black charred skin that can be numb

Question 22

Stage 1 pressure ulcer

Answer 22

intact skin
red, warm edema, hard, pain, non blanchable

Question 23

Stage 2 pressure ulcer

Answer 23

loss of dermis
shallow open ulcer

Question 24

Stage 3 pressure ulcer

Answer 24

full thickness
skin loss, subcutaneous fat may be visible

Question 25

Stage 4 pressure ulcer

Answer 25

exposed bone, tendon, or muscle

Question 26

Periosteum

Answer 26

layer of connective tissue that covers compact bone surfaces.

Question 27

Synovial joints

Answer 27

most common freely moveable

Question 28

Amphiarthroses joints

Answer 28

slightly moveable found in the vertebral column

Question 29

Synarthroses joints

Answer 29

immoveable found in the skull

Question 30

skeletal muscles

Answer 30

voluntary muscles that connect to bone

Question 31

smooth muscles

Answer 31

involuntary muscles that line walls of hollow organs and tubes; found in the eyes, skin, and glands

Question 32

cardiac muscle

Answer 32

an involuntary muscle that comprises the heart

Question 33

simple fracture

Answer 33

a single break with bone ends maintaining their alignment and position

Question 34

complete fracture

Answer 34

broken into two or more separate pieces

Question 35

incomplete fracture

Answer 35

partially broken

Question 36

open fracture/compound fracture

Answer 36

skin is broke, and bone fragments or edges may be angled and protrude out of the skin. causes more damage to soft tissue and increases risk for infection

Question 37

closed fracture

Answer 37

skin is intact

Question 38

Compartment syndrome

Answer 38

a serious condition that results from increased pressure in a compartment, usually the muscle fascia in the case of fractures (pain and tissue damage)

Question 39

Osteomyelitis

Answer 39

infection of bone tissue

Question 40

osteonecrosis/avascular necrosis

Answer 40

death of bone tissue due to loss of blood supply

Question 41

Fat embolism

Answer 41

fat enters the bloodstream, usually after a long bone fracture

Question 42

Dislocations

Answer 42

separation of two bones at a joint

Question 43

Sprains

Answer 43

injury to a ligament that often involves stretching or tearing of the ligament

Question 44

Strains

Answer 44

injury to a muscle or tendon that often involves stretching or tearing of the muscle or tendon

Question 45

Herniated intervertebral disk

Answer 45

protrusion of the nucleus pulpous through the annulus fibrosis.

Question 46

osteoporosis

Answer 46

imbalance of bone reabsorption and bone formation can occur due to multiple mechanisms that interact to either decrease in osteoblast activity or increase in osteoclast activity

Question 47

osteoarthritis

Answer 47

degenerative joint disease characterized by local deterioration or articulating cartilage

Question 48

rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 48

systemic, autoimmune condition involving multiple joints

Question 49

gout

Answer 49

inflammatory disease resulting from deposits or uric acid crystals in tissues and fluids

Question 50

ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 50

progressive inflammatory disorder affecting the sacroiliac joints, intervertebral spaces, and costovertebral joints

Question 51

Fibromyalgia

Answer 51

syndrome predominately characterized by widespread muscular pains and fatigue does not affect joints

Question 52

osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 52

decreased amount of collagen in the bones