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Integumentary System Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

integumentary system roles

A

physical protection from environmental hazards
thermoregulation
synthesis and storage of lipid reserves
excretion
synthesis of vitamin D3
sensory information
coordination of immune response to pathogens and cancers in skin

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2
Q

epidermis

A

composed of stratified squamous epithelium
the most superficial layer is composed of flattened, scale-like cells in layers
there are 4 different types of cells
there are 4-5 strata/layers
does not receive blood flow

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3
Q

dermis

A

made up of the papillary layer and the reticular layer

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4
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

hypodermis: layer composed of loose connective tissue with fat cells (adipocytes)

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5
Q

thick skin

A

covers areas prone to abrasion; hands and feet
contains stratum lucidum
5 layers of epidermis

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6
Q

thin skin

A

covers most of the body
does not contain stratum lucidum
4 layers of epidermis

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7
Q

accessory structures of the skin

A

hair
nails
sudoriferous (sweat) glands
sebaceous (oil) glands

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8
Q

stratum basale

A 
stratum germinativum
lowest layer of epidermis
single layer of basal stem cells
high mitotic activity'
gets blood supply from capillaries
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9
Q

stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers of cells

cells produce keratin protein called tonofibrils that connect to adjacent keratinocytes

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10
Q

stratum granulosum

A

cells begin to die
keratohyalin forms granules that dehydrate the cell and promote cross-linking of keratin filaments
cells release lipid-rich substance that begins to coat the cells to form a water-resistant layer

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11
Q

stratum lucidum

A

clear layer
only in thick skin cells that lack organelles or nuclei (dead)
before becoming more superficial in the epidermis

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12
Q

stratum corneum

A

all cells are dead and lack nuclei and organelles
flattened, scale-like, dehydrated cells that contain bundles of parallel keratin filaments
around 25 layers

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13
Q

papillary layer

A

most superficial layer of the skin that has a blood supply

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14
Q

reticulum

A

network

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15
Q

reticular layer

A

a network of dense, irregular connective tissue

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16
Q

papillary plexus

A

branching networks of arteries in the papillary layer of the dermis

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17
Q

cutaneous plexus

A

in subcutaneous layer branch to adipose tissue

in dermis to supply hair follicles, glands, and other structures

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18
Q

capillary loops

A

follow the contours of the epidermal-dermal boundary

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19
Q

tactile cells

A

merkel cells
found at the stratum basale
sensitive to touch when compressed
release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerve endings
when cancerous, it is called tactile or Merkel cell carcinoma

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20
Q

dendritic cells

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A

langerhan cells
most prominently located in the superficial portion of the stratum spinosum
immune cells in the skin
phagocytosis of pathogens that penetrate the more superficial layers of the epidermis and initiate immune response against cancerous cells

21
Q

adipocytes

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A

fat cells in the hypodermis

22
Q

keratinocyte

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A

cells made of keratin
make up the majority of the stratum corneum
lysosomes in keratinocytes break down melanosomes

23
Q

keratohyalin

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A

forms granules in the stratum granulosum

24
Q

tonofibrils

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A

bundles of keratin protein
produced by cells in the stratum spinosum
connect to adjacent keratinocytes
makes desmosomes, relate to cell junction adherence

25
melanocytes
structures in the stratum basale everyone has the same number temporarily increase melanin production when exposed to UV light
26
merocrine gland
eccrine gland not as deep as apocrine not associated with hair widespread palms and soles have the highest density (500 glands/cm3) secrete clear sweat; 99% water plus electrolytes and a few other components such as dermacidin controlled primarily by the autonomic nervous system important for thermoregulation, excretion, and protection
27
apocrine gland
coiled, tubular glands associated with hair follicles begin secreting cloudy, viscous, potentially odourous secretions at adolescence found in the axillae (armpits), groin, and areola
28
sebum
waxy, oily secretion | produced by sebaceous glands and follicles
29
sebaceous gland
associated with hair follicles | contractions from arrector pili muscles force secretion into the hair follicle
30
sebaceous follicles
not associated with hair secretes sebum onto the skin's surface found on the face, back, chest, nipples, and sex organs
31
dermacidin
secreted from merocrine sweat glands | has anti-bacterial properties
32
what are the four primary cells in the epidermis
keratinocytes melanocytes tactile cells dendritic cells
33
sudoriferous gland
sweat glands produce watery solution by merocrine secretion flush epidermal surface perform other special functions
34
exocrine glands
``` sebaceous glands sweat glands assist in thermoregulation excrete wastes lubricate epidermis ```
35
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum that coats hair shaft and epidermis | provide lubrication and antibacterial action
36
ceruminous glands
special apocrine glands | secretes waxy cerumen into external ear canal
37
cerumen
waxy secretion in external ear canal
38
mammary glands
special apocrine glands | specialized for milk production
39
melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
40
melanin
skin pigment produced and accumulated in the melanosomes
41
melanosomes
produces and accumulates melanin most abundant around the cell's nucleus transferred via phagocytosis to the adjacent keratinocytes
42
describe and explain the role of melanin in the skin
surrounds the nucleus | absorbs UV radiation to protect DNA from mutations
43
explain the ABCDE of melanoma
Asymmetry: is the mole the same on both sides Border: is the border smooth or uneven Colour: is the mole the same colour Diameter: is the mole wider or have a larger diameter than a pencil eraser Evolution: is the mole changing over time
44
explain the factors that contribute to skin colour
carotene: orange-yellow pigment (epidermis) melanin: black, yellow-brown, or brown pigment (epidermis) oxygen bound hemoglobin: bright red (dermis) cyanosis from reduced oxygen: bluish (dermis)
45
explain the lifecycle of a keratinocyte
Stratum corneum * Cells are dead, lack nuclei and organelles * Flattened, scale-like, dehydrated cells that contain bundles of parallel keratin filaments Stratum lucidum * Clear layer of dead cells that lack nuclei and organelles Stratum granulosum * Cells begin to die as they get farther from their nutrient source * Keratohyalin forms granules that dehydrate the cells and promote cross-linking of keratin filaments * Cells release lipid rich substance that begins to coat the cells to form a water-resistant layer Stratum spinosum * Differentiation occurs, 8-10 layers of cells * Cells produce bundles of keratin protein, called tonofibrils that connect to adjacent keratinocytes * Contributes to desmosomes and cell junction adherence Stratum basale * Single layer of basal stem cells * High mitotic activity * Gets supply from capillaries
46
collagen
The strongest and most abundant fibrous component of connective tissues composed of fibrils arranged in bundles Has high tensile strength.
47
papillary
the superficial 20% of the dermis, is areolar connective tissue containing very thin collagen and elastic fibers
48
dermal papillae
fingerlike projections that extend into the overlying epidermis These projections of the dermal papillae into the epidermis increase the surface area for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between these layers

Human Anatomy (3 decks)

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