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Anatomy & Physiology > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The proper name for what most people just call “the skin.”

A

Integument or Cutaneous Membrane

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2
Q

List the three main layers of the skin from most superficial to deepest.

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis / Subcutaneous Layer

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3
Q

List the sub-layers of the epidermis in order from most superficial to deepest.

A

Hint: BS Grows Lots of Corn
Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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4
Q

List the sub-layers of the dermis in order from most superficial to deepest.

A

Stratum Papillarosum
Stratum Reticulosum

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5
Q

List the sub-layers of the hypodermis in order from most superficial to deepest.

A

There aren’t any sublayers of the hypodermis!

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6
Q

Which epidermal layer is only present in the palms and soles?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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7
Q

Which epidermal layer conducts mitosis?

A

Stratum Basale

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8
Q

Which epidermal layer is the thickest?

A

Stratum Corneum

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9
Q

Which epidermal layer has cells completely filled with keratin?

A

Stratum Corneum

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10
Q

Which epidermal layer looks spotted?

A

Stratum Granulosum

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11
Q

Which epidermal layer has cells with narrow extensions formed by keratin fibers pushing outward against the cell membranes?

A

Stratum Spinosum

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12
Q

Which epidermal layer is clear?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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13
Q

Which epidermal layer is waterproof?

A

Stratum Corneum

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14
Q

Which epidermal layer is made of dead cells?

A

Stratum Corneum

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15
Q

Which epidermal layer is attached to connective tissue with a basement membrane?

A

Stratum Basale

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16
Q

Which layer of the skin is made of connective tissue?

A

Dermis

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17
Q

Which dermal layer is criss-crossed with collageanous and elastic fibers?

A

Stratum Reticulosum

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18
Q

Which dermal layer is named for the little bumps that rise into the epidermis above it?

A

Stratum Papillarosum

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19
Q

Which layer of the skin is made of epithelial tissue?

A

Epidermis

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20
Q

Which kind of epithelial tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

Stratified Squamous

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21
Q

Which layer of the skin contains the most accessory organs?

A

Dermis

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22
Q

List several types of accessory organs found in the skin.

A

Hair, sweat glands, oil glands, touch receptors, blood vessels.

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23
Q

Which layer of the skin has the most adipose tissue?

A

Hypodermis

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24
Q

Which layer of skin changes thickness as people gain and lose weight?

A

Hypodermis

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25
Q

Which layer of the skin is normally the thickest?

A

Dermis

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26
Q

Name the four cell types of the epidermis.

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel’s cells.

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27
Q

Which of the epidermal cells makes pigment for the skin?

A

Melanocytes

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28
Q

Which of the epidermal cells is involved with the sense of touch?

A

Merkel’s Cells

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29
Q

Which of the epidermal cells is the most common?

A

Keratinocytes

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30
Q

Which of the epidermal cells is part of the immune system?

A

Langerhans Cells

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31
Q

Which of the epidermal cells changes from cuboidal to squamous as it ages?

A

Keratinocytes

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32
Q

Which of the epidermal cells produces melanin?

A

Melanocytes

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33
Q

Which of the epidermal cells produces keratin?

A

Keratinocytes

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34
Q

Name the two processes that occur in the epidermis, and name the layers where they occur.

A

Mitosis in the stratum basale and keratinization in all the other layers.

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35
Q

Describe the process of keratinization.

A

Keratinocytes produce the protein keratin. As the cells age, they are pushed superficially, away from the stratum basale, and they gradually fill up with keratin. Eventually the cells flatten into a squamous shape, become completely filled with keratin, and die. These dead cells compose the stratum corneum, and will fall off the skin to become dust, soil, or food for microorganisms.

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36
Q

Describe desmosomes.

A

Desmosomes are conections between cells that hold cells together in areas that undergo stress, like the skin and cardiac muscle. Proteins connected to each cell stretch across the intercellular space, holding the cells together. Parts of the cytoskeleton inside of each cell also attach to the desmosome.

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37
Q

Which epidermal layer has many desmosomes holding the cells together?

A

Stratum Spinosum

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38
Q

Which dermal layer forms our fingerprints?

A

Stratum Papillarosum

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39
Q

Name the three pigment molecules responsible for skin color, describe their colors, and give their functions.

A

A. Melanin – dark brown or black – protects the skin from UV light.
B. Carotene – yellow or orange – converted into Vitamin A by the liver.
C. Hemoglobin – red or pink – carries oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The skin color depends on the amount of oxygen carried by the hemoglobin.

40
Q

Why do different ethnic groups have different skin colors?

A

All people use melanin to pigment their skin, but different ethnic groups produce different amounts of melanin.

41
Q

What makes a person an albino?

A

They do not have the gene to produce melanin.

42
Q

Name the 2 types of glands in the skin.

A

Sebaceous (oil) and sweat glands.

43
Q

Name the four types of sweat glands.

A

Ceruminous, eccrine, mammary, and apocrine glands.

44
Q

Give the proper name for sweat glands.

A

Sudoriferous Glands.

45
Q

Which type of modified sweat gland secretes milk?

A

Mammary Glands.

46
Q

Which type of modified sweat gland secretes earwax?

A

Ceruminous Glands.

47
Q

Which type of gland secretes oils onto hairshafts?

A

Sebaceous Glands.

48
Q

Which type of sweat gland secretes watery sweat across the entire body?

A

Eccrine glands.

49
Q

Which type of gland secretes thick, strong-smelling sweat in the axillary and pubic regions?

A

Apocrine glands.

50
Q

Which type of gland helps maintain body temperature?

A

Both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

51
Q

Which type of gland keeps skin and hair flexible and lubricated?

A

Sebaceous Glands.

52
Q

What is the difference between a hair root, hair shaft, and hair follicle?

A

The shaft is the part of the hair that has exited the skin. The root is the part of the hair that is still within the skin. The follicle includes the root and the surrounding layers of epidermal and connective tissue (the root sheath).

53
Q

What is hair made of?

A

Dead, keratinized cells which grew within the follicle.

54
Q

Name the layers of a hair.

A

The inner layer is the medulla, the outer layer is the cortex. But the whole thing is covered with a thin cuticle, so there are actually three layers.

55
Q

Compare the pigments found in hair of different colors.

A

Dark hair has large amounts of melanin, while blonde hair has small amounts of melanin and white hair has no melanin. Red hair has trichosederin instead of melanin. Gray hair has a mix of pigmented and unpigmented hairs.

56
Q

List functions of hair.

A

Trapping heat, sensing touch, attracting the opposite sex, providing extra padding to some body parts.

57
Q

Where do hair cells grow from (specifically)?

A

Mitosis occurs in the hair matrix, which is at the tip of a hair papilla which rises up from the floor of the follicle.

58
Q

Name the layers of the root sheath from the hair outwards.

A

Inner epithelial root sheath, outer epithelial root sheath, glassy membrane, connective root sheath.

59
Q

List functions of the integumentary system.

A

Hint: WeT PETS
reduce Water loss
act as a Protective layer,
Thermoregulation,
sense of Touch,
Synthesize vitamin D,
Excrete wastes,
(and store blood).

60
Q

Describe several ways that the skin acts as a protective layer.

A

The stratum corneum makes a hard boundary that prevents water from escaping from the body. It also protects deeper cells from scrapes, bumps, and cuts. The Langerhans cells protect the body from bacteria and other pathogens.

61
Q

Describe the skin’s role in thermoregulation.

A

Blood vessels in the dermis expand or constrict depending on the body’s temperature. If the body is cold, the dermal arterioles constrict, reducing blood flow to the skin in order to trap heat in the body. If the body is hot, the dermal arterioles relax, increasing blood flow to the skin where the heat in the blood can be released to the environment. In addition, sweat glands release water onto the surface of the skin when the body is hot. As the sweat evaporates, the hottest molecules leave the body and carry the heat energy away with them. Meanwhile the coldest molecules are left behind.

62
Q

Name the two types of major blood vessels.

A

Arteries and Veins.

63
Q

Name the two types of minor blood vessels.

A

Arterioles and Venules.

64
Q

Name the smallest blood vessels that exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes with cells in different body parts.

A

Capillaries

65
Q

Name the touch receptor that senses when a hair has been moved or touched.

A

Root hair plexus, or hair follicle receptor

66
Q

Name the touch receptor that senses light touch from inside the dermal papillae.

A

Merkel’s Disks

67
Q

Name the touch receptor that senses pain throughout the skin.

A

Free Nerve Endings

68
Q

Name the touch receptor that senses light touch.

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

69
Q

Name the touch receptor that senses deep pressure.

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

70
Q

Name the touch receptor that senses heat.

A

Ruffini Corpuscle

71
Q

Name the touch receptor that senses cold.

A

Krause Corpuscle

72
Q

Which type of sensory receptor is the deepest?

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

73
Q

Which type of sensory receptor is the most superficial?

A

Free Nerve Endings

74
Q

Which type of sensory receptor is found in the dermal papillae?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles

75
Q

Name the three types of skin cancer.

A

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma (did you notice that all of them are named after the type of epidermal cell that is affected?)

76
Q

Which type of skin cancer is most common?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

77
Q

Which type of skin cancer is most deadly?

A

Melanoma

78
Q

Explain the difference between a malignant and a benign cancer.

A

Malignant cancers often result in death, while people usually recover from benign cancers.

79
Q

The process where cancer cells break off of a tumor and are carried by the blood stream to new parts of the body, where they can grow into a new tumor.

A

Metastasis

80
Q

Explain why melanoma is more dangerous than other types of skin cancer.

A

It is more likely to metastasize, so that tumors grow in other body parts.

81
Q

Describe the ABCDE test for skin cancer.

A

Assymetry – if a mole is asymmetric, it is more likely to be cancerous.
Border irregularity – if the borders of a mole are irregular, it is more likely to be cancerous.
Color – if a mole is multicolored, it is more likely to be cancerous.
Diameter – if a mole is bigger than 6 mm across, it is more likely to be cancerous.
Evolving - if a mole changes, it is more likely to be cancerous.

82
Q

What is the best way to avoid skin cancer?

A

Avoid UV light!
Don’t tan
Wear sunscreen
Wear protective clothing
Avoid the sun around noon
Take extra care when on the water, on snow, or at high elevation

83
Q

Name and describe the three burn classifications.

A

First degree – skin is red and painful.
Second degree – skin is red and painful, and blisters appear.
Third degree – skin is white, brown, or black, but does not hurt since the nerve endings were destroyed.

84
Q

What is the rule of nines?

A

A method of estimating the severity of burns by mapping how much of the body has been burned.

85
Q

What are the steps in healing a wound?

A

Inflammation increases blood flow.
Mitosis forms new cells.
Formation of scabs & growth of blood vessels.
Formation of scars as connective tissue replaces epithelial tissue.

86
Q

Which age group has skin that has slow mitosis, resulting in slower healing of wounds?

A

Elderly people.

87
Q

Which age group has very active sebaceous glands, resulting in acne?

A

Adolescents.

88
Q

Which age group has less elastic and collagenous fibers, resulting in wrinkles?

A

Old folks.

89
Q

Name the four categories of skin disorders.

A

Inflammatory conditions, viral infections, bacterial infections, and other infections.

90
Q

The root word for inflammation.

A

Itis

91
Q

Describe the inflammatory response.

A

Increased blood flow, swelling, warm body parts, release of histamines, redness, pain.

92
Q

How does inflammation assist healing?

A

The increased blood flow brings extra nutrients and white blood cells to the injury.

93
Q

List inflammatory skin disorders.

A

Dermatitis, Psoriasis, Bed Sores, Eczema, Rosacea.

94
Q

List viral skin infections.

A

Shingles, Chicken Pox

95
Q

List bacterial skin infections.

A

Acne, Scarlet Fever, Impetigo

96
Q

List fungal skin infections.

A

Athlete’s Foot, Ringworm

97
Q

List skin infestations caused by arthropods.

A

Bed bugs, Scabies

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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