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ANP MIDTERM 1 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Epidermis, and what kind of cells is it composed of?

A

The Epidermis is the outermost protective shield of the body, and is composed of epithelial cells. Note it is also stratified.

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2
Q

What is the Dermis and what kind of cells is it composed of?

A

The Dermis makes up most of the skin, and is a tough, leathery layer composed mostly of dense connective tissue.

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3
Q

How do nutrients reach the dermis and epidermis?

A

The dermis is vascularized, but the epidermis only gains nutrients from diffusion from nearby blood vessels.

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4
Q

What tissues are Subcutaneous Tissue composed of and what is another name for it?

A

It is composed of adipose tissue and some areolar connective tissue. It can also be referred to as the hypodermis.

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5
Q

What are the 3 purposes of Subcutaneous Tissue besides storing fat? How does it attach to the underlying structures?

A

Shock Absorption, Insulation, and Anchoring. It is attached loosely so it can slide over.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of a keratinocyte and where are they located?

A

Keratinocytes produce keratin, and skin is composed mostly of keratinocyte cells.

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7
Q

What holds keratinocytes together for strength, and why are they waterproof?

A

Desmosomes hold together keratinocytes, and tight junctions between cells make them waterproof.

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8
Q

List the five layers of the epidermis in thick skin in order of deepest to most superficial. Which layer is not present in thin skin?

A

Stratum Basale, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum. The stratum lucidum is not found in thin skin.

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9
Q

In the stratum Basale, what types of cells can be found, and what cellular process occurs?

A

Stem cells can be found undergoing mitosis into keratinocytes, some dendritic cells and melanocytes can be found there as well.

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10
Q

In the stratum spinosum, what cells are present, and what tension-resisting protein can be found?

A

Keratinocytes can be found containing bundles of filaments with pre-keratin inside of them. Dendritic cells are also most abundant in this layer.

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11
Q

In the stratum granulosum, what two types of granules are found and what are their purposes? What process is the most important in this layer?

A

Keratohyalin granules help form keratin in the keratinization of the keratinocytes. Lamellar granules also secretes glycolipids into the extracellular space that is water resistant.

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12
Q

In the stratum lucidum, what cells are found? What clear protein is found here?

A

It is filled with dead keratinocytes that are translucent. Eleidin is found here which gives the layer its translucent property.

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13
Q

How many layers of keratinocytes are found in the stratum corneum? What does the keratin found here consist of?

A

20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes are found here. The keratin found consists of the pre-keratin filaments bound together by the keratohyalin granules.

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14
Q

What 2 layers compose the dermis? What tissues compose these layers?

A

The papillary layer consists of areolar connective tissue and is thin and superficial. The reticular layer is composed of coarse, dense, irregular connective tissue.

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15
Q

What is a dermal papilla? What do they contain?

A

They are small projections of the papillary layer of the dermis into the epidermis. They contain capillary loops to bring nutrients to the epidermis, or nerve endings/touch receptors (tactile corpuscles).

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16
Q

What fibers identify the reticular dermis?

A

Collagen Fibers

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17
Q

What are flexure lines?

A

Dermal folds that occur at/near joints. They are where the dermis is well anchored to the underlying structure.

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18
Q

What tears when striae are formed?

A

The dermis is torn.

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19
Q

Where do blisters occur? What happens?

A

Fluid fills the space between the dermis and epidermis.

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20
Q

Melanin is found in which layers of the skin? Why?

A

Melanin is found in keratinocytes closer to the dermis, as lysosomes break down melanin in dying cells closer to the top.

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21
Q

Which enzyme triggers the production of melanin?

A

Tyrosinase

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22
Q

Where does carotene store to pigment the skin?

A

The subcutaneous tissue and the stratum corneum.

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23
Q

What pigment in the dermal capillaries causes fair-skinned people to have a pinkish hue?

A

Hemoglobin

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24
Q

What are the advantages of having hard keratin for hair over regular keratinocytes?

A

It is tougher, and cells do not slough off.

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25
Q

What are the 3 layers of the hair from the deepest to superficial?

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

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26
Q

What is differentiating about the medulla? In which hairs is it not found?

A

It has larger cells and has air spaces in between the cells. It is absent in fine hair (vellus hair).

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27
Q

What is contained within the cortex?

A

It is comprised of several layers of keratinocytes with pigmented melanin.

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28
Q

What is the organization of keratinocytes in the cuticle of a hair?

A

Keratinocytes are shingled together to provide strength and prevent matting.

29
Q

What is replaced by what when hair turns grey/white?

A

Melanin is replaced with air bubbles.

30
Q

What is the protrusion into a hair bulb?

A

A dermal papilla protrudes into each hair bulb.

31
Q

What is the knot of nerve endings around the hair bulb called?

A

A hair follicle receptor.

32
Q

What sheath of the hair follicle derives from the dermis and is the external layer of the follicle wall? What membrane is it superficial to?

A

The peripheral connective tissue sheathe or fibrous sheath is adjacent to the glassy membrane.

33
Q

What sheath derives from the epidermis and how are its two components derived?

A

The epithelial root sheathe is comprised of the external root sheathe, which is a continuation of the epidermis, and the internal root sheathe, which is a derivation from the hair matrix.

34
Q

What part of the hair bulb is responsible for the growth of the hair?

A

The hair matrix.

35
Q

What cells does the hair matrix contain? Where do they come from?

A

The hair matrix contains stem cells that specialize into hair matrix cells. These stem cells come from a region closer to the skin surface called the hair bulge.

36
Q

What is the arrector pili? What is its function?

A

It is a bundle of smooth muscle associated with the hair follicle. It can pull the hair upright and dimple the skin.

37
Q

Where is vellus hair found?

A

The body hair of women and children.

38
Q

Where is terminal hair found?

A

The hair of the eyelashes, eyebrows, and scalp.

39
Q

What abnormality is characterized by high testosterone in women leading to the growth of facial hair?

A

Hirsutism

40
Q

What general unit of measurement is used often for the growth cycle of hair?

A

Years.

41
Q

What is the difference between general balding and male-pattern balding?

A

General balding is the conversion of coarse terminal hairs to vellus hairs. Male Pattern Balding is a hereditary condition that causes the hair follicles to go through very shortened hair cycles.

42
Q

What is another name for the nail cuticle?

A

The Eponychium

43
Q

What is the location of the nail matrix?

A

It is wrapped around the bottom of the nail plate.

44
Q

What structure is the lunule distal to?

A

The cuticle (eponychium)

45
Q

Where is the hyponychium located?

A

Adjacent to the most distal part of the nail bed.

46
Q

What fold is located above the cuticle?

A

The proximal nail fold.

47
Q

Why is the lunule white?

A

It lays over the thick part of the nail matrix, which is not heavily capillarized.

48
Q

What is the more common type of sweat gland? Where are they concentrated?

A

The eccrine sweat glands are concentrated on the palms, forehead, and soles of the feet.

49
Q

What is sweat composed of?

A

Mostly water, some salt, some vitamins, dermcidin, and some metabolic waste.

50
Q

What is dermcidin?

A

It is a microbe killing peptide found in sweat.

51
Q

What is the major role of sweating?

A

Heat distributes outside of the body to prevent overheating.

52
Q

What is the less common type of sweat gland? Where are they located? Where do their ducts empty?

A

The Apocrine glands are located in the armpit and anogenital region. Their ducts empty into hair follicles.

53
Q

What is added to apocrine secretion as opposed to eccrine secretion?

A

Some fatty substances and proteins.

54
Q

What is the function of general apocrine glands?

A

Unknown, hypothesized to be linked to mating pheromones (sexual scent glands).

55
Q

What are the two types of modified apocrine glands and what are their functions?

A

Ceruminous glands secrete earwax, and mammary glands secrete milk.

56
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

An oily substance called sebum.

57
Q

What structure are sebaceous glands mostly attached to?

A

Hair follicles.

58
Q

What is sebum’s purpose in hair follicles?

A

Lubrication and moisturization, some bactericidal purpose.

59
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skin?

A

Protection, Temperature regulation, sensation, metabolic action, blood reservation, and excretion.

60
Q

What two corpuscles are involved in sensation, an what kind of sensory input do they sense?

A

Tactile corpuscles (Meissner’s) record the feelings of things against the skin. Lamellar corpuscles are deeper in the subcutaneous tissue or deeper dermal tissue gives sensation deeper in the tissue.

61
Q

How much of the body’s blood is held in the skin?

A

5%

62
Q

What tissues are damaged in a first-degree burn?

A

Epidermal Tissue

63
Q

Which layers of the skin are damaged in a second degree burn?

A

The epidermis and the upper region of the dermis are injured.

64
Q

What characterizes a third degree burn?

A

A third degree burn is characterized by damage to the full extent of the epidermis and dermis.

65
Q

What are the first and second main threats of burn victims?

A

The first is loss of fluid, and the second is infection.

66
Q

What is the vernix caseosa?

A

The thick coating of a baby when it is born to protect its skin.

67
Q

As one ages, what happens to the rate of cell replacement? What does this lead to?

A

The rate decreases which leads to thinner skin and more bruises and superficial injury.

68
Q

What happens to collagen fibers when one ages?

A

They stiffen and clump.

ANP MIDTERM 1 (7 decks)

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