Integumentary System Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Components of the integumentary system
A
skin, hair, nails
2
Q
Three layers of the skin
A
epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
3
Q
What do skin cells absorb to produce Vitamin D (that is used in bone development)
A
ultraviolet light
4
Q
What types of receptors are found in the skin
A
sensory
5
Q
What type of glands are found in the skin
A
exocrine
6
Q
Why are sensory receptors and glands in the skin
A
to protect skin and underlying tissues
7
Q
How does skin contribute to the homeostatic state of the body
A
Helps to regulate temperature
8
Q
What does the skin protect the body from?
A
it protects the internal organs (from pathogens, and extreme temperature changes)
9
Q
Which systems acts when the skin is damaged and microorganisms or foreign objects get into the body?
A
lymphatic
10
Q
What are the four types of sensory cells found in the skin?
A
Merkel cells, Nociceptors, Pacinian corpuscles, and thermoreceptors
11
Q
Merkel cell are also called
A
Meissner’s corpuscles
12
Q
What type of receptors are Merkel cells (messner’s corpuscles)?
A
mechanoreceptors that detect light touch and vibration
13
Q
What do Nociceptors detect?
A
Pain (like from a pin prick)
14
Q
What is the job of thermoreceptors?
A
detect hot and cold
14
Q
What type are Pacinian corpuscles?
A
Mechancoreceptors that sense pressure
15
Q
Why are sensory organs embedded in the skin?
A
To detect sensory information and relay it through the spinal nerves (other than facial skin) to the brain
16
Q
Describe exocrine glands
A
contain secretions that are released through a DUCT into an epithelial surface or lining (including the surface of the skin)
17
Q
How are exocrine glands categorized
A
by shape and structure (most are multicellular)
18
Q
How to exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands
A
Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete directly into the bloodstream
19
Q
Three types of glands that are embedded in the skin
A
multicellular, sebaceous and sweat
20
Q
Describe multicellular glands
A
set within the epithelial tissue and release contents through a duct on the surface
21
Q
What type of gland is a sebaceous gland and what does it produce
A
Oil, sebum
22
Q
What two things does sebum do
A
prevent skin and hair from drying out, inhibit growth of harmful microorganisms
23
Q
What type of gland is a sweat gland and what does it produce?
A
sudoriferous, produces sweat in nearly every part of the skin
24
In what layer do sweat glands have the secretory part
deep in the dermis
25
Another name for sweat
perspiration
26
Job of perspiration
thermoregulation
27
What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
stratified squamous epithelium (layered and flat)
28
Does the epidermis have a direct blood supply?
no it is avascular
29
How does the epithelium get nutrients?
from a basement membrane
30
Name the four layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep
stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
31
Why are most superficial skin cells dead
because they are far away from the blood and nutrient supply of the basement membrane
32
How long does it take cells formed in the stratum basale to move up the layers of the dermis, die, and slough off
IT takes 30 days for the new cells to reach the outermost layer (the stratum corneum), and they spend two weeks as dead cells at the surface before they slough off
33
Where do fingerprints originate
epidermal ridges form in the stratum basale that extend all the way to the epidermis. They are unique to each person and consistent throughout the lifetime
34
Name five epidermal cell types
melanocyes, Langerhans, Merkel, Keratinocytes, fibroblasts (My Lovely Father Likes Kerits)
35
Job of melanocytes
produce melanin, absorb UV light and determine skin color
36
job of Langerhans cells
involved in immune response by identifying harmful microbes
37
Job of Merkel cells
mechanoreceptors that respond to light tough (detects and signal transmission to brain)
38
Job of keritanocytes
produce a tough substance called keratin
39
What process happens at the level of the epidermis that helps to protect exposed skin
Keritinization
40
Three jobs of fibroblasts
produce collagen, adhere skin cells together, give skin its elasticity
41
Four components of the Dermis
sweat glands, oil glands, sensory organs (meissner and pacinian corpuscles), and main blood supply
42
Name the two regions of the dermis
papillary and reticular
43
What do both regions of the dermis contain
collagen and elastic fibers
44
Which region of the dermis contains the main blood supply
reticular - an extensive network of vessel with branches off the main arteries to supply nerves, glands, and hair follicules
45
How does a bruise (contusion) form
when blood leaks out of a vessel in the dermis
46
At what level of the skin does dehydration occur and why?
THe dermis because it has a higher water content than the epidermis
47
What is the pinch test?
a test for dehydration levels. pinch the skin on the back of your hand and if it doesn't rebound back into shape, your dermis layer has lost water
48
What is the hypodermis mainly composed of
it is a layer made mostly of fat cells (subcutaneous fat and subcutaneous tissue blend together)
49
The jobs of the hypodermis
anchor the dermis to a layer of fat cells, fat cells insulate and regulate body temperature, it is a thick later that protects deep tissues and organs
50
A subcutaneous injection penetrates what level
the level of the hypodermis in the fat layer. Medicine is absorbed more SLOWLY that if administered directly to a vein
51
What are dermatones
regions of skin innervated by one sensory nerve (spinal nerve)
52
What nerve innervates the facial skin
CN V the trigeminal nerve
53
What are the two components of hair
root and staff
54
What is located at the hair root
hair bulb with the blood and nervous supply, and sebaceous glands that hydrate the hair with oil
55
Describe the hair shaft
it extends through the epidermis to the external surface, composed of dead epidermal cells that are converted to keratin
56
What is responsible for the strong texture of hair
the keritinization of the epidermal cells
57
What is the Arrector Pili Muscle
a smooth muscle that contracts when cold or experiencing emotions
58
What enables goosebumps
the arrector pili muscle that is connected to each hair folicule
59
What happens at puberty to hair and why
The hair in the armpits, pubic area, and head changes because follicules are susceptible to circulating hormones
60
What are nails composed of
dead epidermal cells converted to keratin
61
Name the four parts of the nail
body, root, cuticle, and lunula
62
How are nails formed
New cells are converted at the root and pushed out towards the external surface
63
Where is the nail body
visible portion that covers the epidermis (nail bed)
64
Is the nail root visible
no
65
Describe the cuticle and which layer of epidermis it is comprised of
it is stratus corneum epidermis that extends over the visible portion of the nail
66
Where is the lunula and what is it
it is a crescent shaped visible portion of the nail bed near the root
67
cells are
the smallest unit of life
68
tissues are
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function AND matricW
69
What is matrix
extracellular material made up of ground substance, or extracellular fluid, proteins, and collagen fibers
70
What needs to be repaired when skin is damaged
both skin cells and matrix
71
Name the sequence of tissue repair
Please Make Hot Marshmallows For Camp Retreat (fibroblasts, mast cells, histamine, macrophages, collagen framework, Remodeling)
72
Describe the platelet step of tissue repair
Blood platelets from the broken vessel accumulate forming a clot and secreting a mesh like substance around the wound to prevent blood loss
73
Which cells release histamine and why
Mast cells, histamine dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow to the affected area and allow for more nutrients to get there too
74
Histamine in tissue repair
dilates vessels to increase blood flow, initiates a local inflammatory response with signals to other cells in the area to help remove foreign contaminants.
75
Macrophages in tissue repair
WBCs that engulf and destroy pathogens
76
When do fibroblast begin working
after dead cells and pathogens are removed
77
Fibroblasts in tissue repain
secrete new collagen in the shape of old tissue
78
What is the collagen framework
its like a temporary mold in the shape of old tissue that supports the tissue matrix until new cells are fully developed
79
What happens during remodeling
new tissue matures and takes on its original function
80
Scars form when
a wound is deep, some functions may be lost
81
How are burns classified
by severity
82
Which type of burn is superficial
1st degree
83
Tissue damaged in 1st degree burn
epidermis only
84
Symptoms of 1st degree burn
skin becomes dry, red, painful (but NO blisters)
85
Symptoms of 2nd degree burns
blisters
86
Tissue damaged in 2nd degree burns
considered "partial thickness" burns because damages epidermis and part of the dermis
87
Why are partial thickness burns so painful
because the dermis contains many sensory organs
88
Tissue damage in 3rd degree burns
considered "full thickness" burns because damages the epidermis and the entire dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer
89
What does a third degree burn look like
massive wound sometimes looks charred, extremely painful because of dermis layer sensory organs
90
Tissue damaged in 4th degree burns
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and underlying tissues like bone and muscle
91
Are 4th degree burns painful and why or why not
No pain or sensation because the nerve endings have been destroyed
92
What is a skin graft
A treatment whereby healthy skin is taken from ones own body and grafted on top of the damaged skin
93
When is a skin graft necessary
is skin is too severely damaged or if the burn covers a large area
94
What are the benefits of using a skin graft
use decreases recovery time and prevents infection
95
Four jobs of epithelial tissue
secretion, absorption, protection, excretion
96
Connective tissue functions
bind tissues together, anchors organs, connective and supportive role
97
Nervous system job
communication
98
muscular tissue job
muscle contraction and movement
99
What does matrix consist of
ground substance (interstitial fluid) made of water, nutrients, minerals, gases
protein fibers
100
What determines tissue type
ratio of cells to matrix and the kinds of cells and matrix
101
Ectoderm differentiates into
nervous tissue and epithelial tissue
102
Mesoderm differentiates into
(mesenchyme)
loosely organized group
gelatinous with protein fibers and fibroblasts
-connective tissue proper
-cartilage
-bone
-muscle
-blood
103
Endoderm differentiates into
*some epithelial tissue
mucous membranes in digestive and respiratory tracts and digestive glands
104
Describe epithelium including location, structure, supplies, position, and action
Epithelium covers body surfaces and forms a border around organs and cavities and also lines cavities and several organs. It is tightly packed cells with little matrix and appears as a flat continuous sheet. No direct nerve or blood supply. There is one free (apical) surface and one adhered surface (basal). Cells are constantly dividing and regenerating.
105
How are epithelial cells classified
by shape and arrangement
106
Describe simple versus stratified arrangments
simple = one layer where all cells touch the basement membrane
stratified = more that one layer
(pseudostratified*)
107
What are simple squamous cells adapted for and where are they found
easy transport and diffusion (transcellular transport) across cell or between cells
-lining of aveoli, capillaries, lining body cavities
108
What are simple cuboidal cells adapted for and where are they found
secretion and absorption and easy passage
-glands, kidney tubule lining, bronchiole lining (have cilia-move mucous along)
109
What are simple columnar cells adapted for and where are they found
secretion and absorbtion
-digestive tract, SI, LI, stomach
-have cilia and sometimes goblet cells
(microvilli in SI)
110
pseudostratified columnar are where and do what
secretion, absorption, and locomotion!
-respiratory tract and male reporductive tract
-cilia help propel sperm
-propel mucous in the respiratory tract
-goblet cells and microvilli
111
What is the most widespread type of epithelial tissue in the body?
stratified squamous epithelium
112
stratified squamous epithelium function and location
protection, resist abrasion, and prevent water loss
-keratinized or non-keratinized
-k=epidermis palms of hands and soles of feet
-nonk=no dead layer or glycolipid, think moist! tongue, cheek, esphagus, anal canal and vagina
113
stratified cuboid function and location
protection and secretion
-sweat ducts
-lining follicules in ovaries and seminiferous tubules in testes
114
stratified columnar function and location
RARE- found where other types of tissues meet
-pharynx, larynx, anal canal, male urethra
115
transitional epithelium form, function and location
resembles stratified squamous, but top cells are rounder (not flat)
-found where tissues need to be able to stretch and return to their original state
-bladder
116
Describe fibrous connective tissue proper
widely scattered cells large amt matrix
clear and gel-like
vascular
innervated
no free surface, only basale
117
Functions of connective tissue in general
support and protection
facilitate movement
immune defense
storage
binding of organs
transportation
118
Mesenchyme to cartilage sequence
M-Fibroblasts-chondroblasts-chondrocytes-cartilage
119
Mesenchyme to connective tissue sequence
M-fibroblasts-fibrocytes-fibers-connective tissue proper
120
Mesenchyme to bone sequence
M-fibroblasts-osteoblasts-osteocytes-bone
121
Mesenchyme to blood sequence
M-hemocytoblasts-mature blood cells
122
Six fibrous connective tissue cell types
fibroblasts - most common
macrophages
leukocytes
plasma cells
mast cells
adipocytes
123
What do fibroblasts do
produce fibers and ground substance that forms matrix
124
Two types of leukocytes
neutriphils - most common WBC in connective tissue
lymphocytes -fight bacteria and toxins
125
Describe plasma cells
rare in connective tissue
former leukocytes that differentiate when they detect foreign matter and produce antibodies
126
Mast cells produce
heparin and histamine
127
Adipocytes in connective tissue
appear in small clusters
128
Types of fibers
collagenous (thick most abundant)
reticular (thinner)
elastic (thinnest)
129
Which fiber is a white fiber?
collagen - white and glistening, wavy and dense
-found in tendons, ligaments, and deep layers of the skin
130
Which type of fiber supports the form of soft organs
reticular fibers that are thin collagen and coated with glycoprotein
131
What are elastic fibers made of and what color are they?
elastin, very thin fiber with a coiled structure that appears yellow
-found in lungs, arteries bc need to be able to recoil
132
What makes up ground substance?
tissue fluid, large minerals, large colloid products (rubbery and gel-like) and gases
133
Name for states/types of ground substance
liquid (blood)
gel-like (collagen proper)
semi-solid (cartilage)
solid (bone)
134
What is the basic function of the matrix
to absorb shock and compressive forces
135
Two classifications of connective tissue
loose
dense (regular and irregular)
136
Examples of loose connective tissue
AREOLAR
RETICULAR
Adipose
137
Where is areolar CT found
blood vessels and epithelial tissue, attaches skin to underlying organs
138
Areolar connective tissue
most abundant CT found almost everywhere in the body
loosely organized fibers, all six cell types, highly vascular
139
Reticular connective tissue
network of reticular fibers
structural framework around a stroma
-found in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow and binds together cells of smooth muscles
140
Adipose connective tissue
primary energy resirvoire
insulator
supports and protects organs
hold organs in place (eyeballs and kidneys)
provides shape to the body and fills empty spaces
141
Describe dense regular fibers and where you find them
densely packed parallel and organized
strong in one direction and in a predictable situation
-tendons and ligaments
lots of fibroblasts, small amount of matrix,
-scarce blood supply
142
Describe dense irregular and where it is found
large fiber bundles arranged at random
enables ability to withstand unpredictable stress
-dermis
-protective coating around organs
143
